Introducción a los conceptos básicos del Internet de las cosas

It is considered that the mind has a logical system which manages three ra- tional storages to fill to produce a sentence. These storeges are out of order before someone is born. When he begins learning his native language, these orderless storages sequence according to one's native language. For an English speaking person his logical sequence is "subject + verb + object", but for a Turkish spaking person this sequence is "(subject) + object + verb- personal suffix". For instance:

English sequence: I love you.

subj verb object

Turkish sequence: (Ben) sen-i seviyor-um.

subj object verb+personal suffix

In Turkish, using "ben", "sen", "biz", "siz" pronouns at the beginning of a sentence is optional, these pronouns are only used when they are stressed. However, using the personal suffixes representing these pronouns at the ends of the sentences is a grammatical rule. Therefore, these pronouns are showed in parentheses.

However, although the third person singular has the pronoun "o", which means "he", "she", or "it", the sentences containing this pronoun does not need a personal suffix representing "o" pronoun. A sentence without a per- sonal suffix at the end of a sentence means that the sentence is the third person singular. For instance the followig two Turkish sentences are iden- tical:

(O) sen-i seviyor-∅.. He, she, or it loves you. Sen-i seviyor-∅. He, she, or it loves you.

Although the sentenes given above are all simple sentences, the human mind uses the same flexible subject, verb, object storages to produce all the sentences in a language whether they are long or short.

1a: All pronouns can be used as subjects such as: "ben", "sen", "o", "biz", "siz", "o/n/-lar". (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)

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1b: All pronouns can be used as objects such as "ben-i", "sen-i", "onu", "biz-i", "siz-i", "o/n/-lar-ı" (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)

2a: All proper nouns can be used as subjects such as: Ahmet, Hasan, Jack, Ayşe, Mary. (English: (Ahmet, Hasan, Jack, Ayşe, Mary.)

2b: All proper nouns can be used as objects such as: Ahmet-i, Hasan-ı, Jak-i, Ayşe-/y/i, Mary-/y/i. (English: Ahmet, Hasan, Jack, Ayşe, Mary.):

Ahmet Hasan-ı gördü. Ahmet saw Hasan. Hasan Ahmet-i buldu. Hasan

found Ahmet.

3a: All common nouns can be used as subjects such as: Zil çalıyor. Martılar uçuyor. Güneş doğu-dan doğar. Polis hırsız-ı yakaladı. English: The bell is ringing. The seagulls are flying. The sun rises in the east. The police caught the thief.

As it is seen, when the common nouns are used as subjests in Turkish, they are considered defined and used without definite articles. In English, however, they are all used with the definite article "the".

If indefinite nouns are used as subjects, or objects, they are used like indefinite nouns in English:.

'Bir adam sen-i kapı-da bekliyor. A man is waiting for you at the door. Bazı kuşlar sonbahar-da güney-e göç ederler. Some birds migrate to south in autumn.

Bahçede bir saat buldum. I found a watch in the garden. Ayşe bir kompozisyon yazıyor. Ayş is writing a composition.

All infinitives, which are nominals, are of four kinds:

4a: The verbs that are suffixed by [mek, mak] allomorphs. 4b: The verbs that are suffixed by [me, ma] allomorphs.

4c: The verbs that are suffixed by [iş, ış, üş, uş, eş, aş] allomorphs.

4d: The verbs that are suffıxed by [dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık…] allomorphs.

4aa: The [mek, mak] infinitives can be used as subjects in the sentences using "be" (is, are, was were, etc) verbs:

Bekle-mek sıkıcıdır. Waiting is boring, Yürü-mek sağlıklıdır. Walking is healthful. Bütün gün televizyon izle-mek zaman kaybıdır. Watching tele- vision all day long is a vaste of time.

4ab: The [mek, mak] infinitives can be used as the objects of the verb "iste":

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Jack Türkçe ögren-mek istiyor. Jack wants to learn Turkish.

Fatma balık kızart-mak istemiyor. Fatma doesn't want to fry fish.

Uyu-mak istiyorum. I want to sleep.

4ac: The [mek, mak] infinitives can be used before the postposition "için":

Herkes ben-i gör-mek için ayağa kalktı. Everybody stood up to see me.

Öğretmen ben-i daha iyi gör-mek için gözlüklerini taktı. The teacher put on

her glasses to see me better. Bir spor araba al-mak için para biriktiriyor.

She is saving money to buy a sports car. Sen-i ikna et-mek için ne yapma-

lıyım? What should I do to convince you?

4ba: The [me, ma] infinitives can be used in noun compounds as subjects:

Mary-/n/in ağla-ma-/s/ hepimiz-i üzdü. Mary's crying made us sorry.

(noun compound) subj (NP) obj (NP) verb subject (NP) predicate (VP)

Ahmet'in okul-a geç gel-me-/s/i öğretmen-i kızdırdı.

(noun compound) subject (NP) object (NP) verb

subject (NP) predicate (VP)

Ahmet's coming to school late made the teacher angry.

4bb: The [me, me] infinitives can be used in noun compounds as objects:

(Ben-im) baba-am (ben-im) futbol oyna-ma-am-ı istemiyor.

(noun compound) subj (nound compound-ı) object | NP NP verb VP

Definite noun compounds in Turkish are suffixed by possessor personal allomorphs both at the possessor and the possessed parts of a noun compound. As these two possessor personal allomorphs bear the same meaning, the possessor pronouns in the possessor parts of a noun compound could be ignored because the allomorphs attached to the possessed parts bear the same meaning as the allomorphs attached to the possessor parts of a compound. Namely, "baba-am" means, "ben-im baba- am", and "futbol oyna-ma-am" means, "ben-im futbol oyna-ma-am". The sentence above is generally said and written as follows:

Baba-am futbol oynama-am-ı istemiyor.

noun comp subj noun compound obj | NP NP verb VP

(Biz) maç-ın bit-me-/s/i-/n/i bekledik. We waited until the match ends.

subj (noun compound) obj-/n/i verb NP VP

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4ca: The [iş, ış, üş, uş, es, aş] infinitives can be used in noun compouns in a limited number in certain expressions:

(Ben-im) dön-üş-üm muhteşem olacak. My return will be spectacular.

noun compound (subj) adjective verb (be) subject (NP) predicate (VP)

Oyuncular maç-ın bit-iş düdüğü-/n/ü bekledi.

subject noun compound-/n/ü |

NP object (NP) verb

(predicate) VP

The players waited until the final whistle of the match.

4da: The [dik, dık, dük, duk, tik, tık, tük, tuk] infinitives can be used in noun compounds:

"(ben-im) git-tik-im", "(sen-in) git-tik-in", "(o-/n/un) git-tik-i", "(biz-im git-tik- i.miz", "(siz-in) git-tik-i.niz", "o/n/-lar-ın git-tik-i". (be*nim / git*ti*ğim), (se*nin / git*ti*ğin), (o*nun / git*ti*ği), etc.

"(ben-im) gör-dük-üm", "(sen-in) gör-dük-ün". "(biz-im / gör-dük-ü.müz)", etc.

The noun compounds above can be used as objects:

(Ben) (o-/n/un) işit-tik-i-/n/i sanmıyorum. I don't think that he heard.

subj noun compound-i-/n/i | NP (object) NP verb (predicate ) VP

The same noun compounds can also be used as determiners:

Ben-im gör-dük-üm araba beyazdı. The car that I saw was white.

(noun compound) noun | determined determiner verb determiner determined | subject predicate

subject predicate NP VP NP VP

Detailed examples are given in the transformational section.