Jay Haley, conversación con los autores.

QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

- No, as long as there are no free (unoccupied) pastures.

- Yes, in connection with a pipeline and a base construction at Yarey-Yu.

6.8. Are there any industrial structures that have had an effect on reindeer husbandry during the last ten years?

- Pipeline

- Drilling rigs at Yarey-Yu, base Khilchuyu, high- voltage line right over the passage.

- Pipeline construction. When they were exploring the oil, drilling rigs were all over tundra and there were piles of scrap metal left from them.

- They have just started the construction of a pipe- line. Our route lies nearby. Nothing has changed so far.

- Yes, they have a negative effect, they pollute the environment, pastures, so that we have to change a route.

- The pipeline has had three spills (editor’s note:

at Varandey). We lack pastures, so we have to wander the same route.

- Irregular passages, passages.

6.9. Have there been any drastic changes in the size of your herd during the last ten years?

- The herd has decreased in number – we lack pas- tures, reindeer get sick.

8.6. Are there any industrial structures that have had an effect on access to sacred places or have caused their destruction during the last ten years?

- When the first drilling rigs appeared, all the idols were scattered on Khurtova mound.

- Khurtove-Seda is a place for sacrificial offerings where they used to sacrifice a reindeer every year. There is a high-voltage line now there and a pipe- line.

- There was a drilling site close to sacred Siv-Nava nipple. An off-roader drove over Siv-Nava nipple. - Geologists went through Siv-nava sed in the 1970s. A base of seismologists is situated there now.

10.1. How do you estimate the influence of activi- ties of industrial enterprises, located on the tundra, on your life?

- They facilitate construction of housing.

- They contaminate pastures. - They have negative effect. - They pollute pastures. - They pollute pastures. - There are no fish in Foma-Ty and Chira-Ta lakes

anymore. There used to be drilling rigs there. Now there are none.

- Lakes are covered with diesel oil. In Chira-ty the fish smells of oil. There were oil rigs here earlier… the entire area around the pipelines is destroyed because of heavy vehicle traffic… they leave a lot of iron refuse behind…

- Yes, fish has a smell of diesel oil. Chira-Ta and Fo- ma-Ty lakes are totally polluted.

- Yes. There is a pipeline and a high-voltage line over passages near the quarry at Yarey-Yu. - Fishing is affected by environmental pollution, they have drained Yara- ta Lake.

2.14. Have the quantity and species of fish changed in the last ten years?

- Yes. Because oil people pollute lakes.

- This is connected with lake pollution, fish has a smell of diesel oil. Oil people ruined lakes.

- There is less fish, lake pollution and fish capture by poachers.

- Yes, there is less fish now. This has been an envi- ronmental effect.

2.21. Have you or members of your family have had any diseases, indigestion or other ailments which, in your opinion, are connected with contamination of drinking water?

- The water in Khalmerka Lake is bad.

4.8. Are there any industrial structures which have had an effect on gathering wild growing plants over last the ten years?

- Yes

- Yes, cloudberries do not grow in places where the pipeline is laid.

- Yes, the soil within the pipeline construction route is badly damaged by tractors.

- The smoke from drilling rigs, pipelines (the berry fields are degraded).

- Cloudberry is mottled alongside a pipeline and a high-voltage line, and there is much less now. - There is no cloudberry at Toboy anymore, be- cause of drilling rigs and environmental pollution.

4.9. Have the quantity or species of plants changed during the last ten years? If so, what kind of chang- es have you observed? What do you think is the cause?

- Cloudberry was mottled because of oil extraction at Toravey.

6.7. Have you had to change the annual route dur- ing the last ten years? Why?

QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

- They contaminate and decrease the number of pastures. They block routes for reindeer to pass. - Negative

- It has a negative effect- they pollute pastures.

- No effect

- It has a negative effect . They pollute the envi- ronment and pasture.

10.5. During these discussion meetings, did they ask for your opinion or were you only told about their plans?

- They told about their plans, asked about passag- es.

10.5.1. If you gave advice, did they consider it?

- We did, but they did not consider it. The passag- es are very low.

- No, they didn`t consider it.

10.8. Do you think it is better to live on the tundra or to leave it after the oil companies started their activities?

- It is easier with them, but they pollute the tun- dra.

- It`s become better to live, but we feel pity for na- ture, reindeer, animals.

- Nothing has changed.

- It has become more complicated, they pollute our pastures.

- Of course, it has become worse, they pollute our pastures.

- No, we don`t need them on the tundra.

11.1. Do you think the conditions of your settle- ment, traditional areas and livelihood of your fam- ily have improved or worsened?

- It has become worse. There is soil degradation, a lack of pastures.

- It has improved. They have begun to build hous- es.

- It has improved. They began to build houses, re- paired the road.

Nine respondents mentioned a negative effect of oil production development. The respondents from the west coast (the first herd) and from the east coast (the second herd, the place, where the oil rigs

are situated) have a a different impression of the oil people. Most of the respondents are from Bugri- no. The answer “remains the same” has a protest- ing character. It tells about deceived expectations.

Become worse Improved Unchanged No answer

Pastures 3 3 8

Hunting areas 1 8 5

Marine mammals’ resting

places 1 13

Fishing 2 4 8

Berry fields 1 11 2

Become worse Improved Unchanged No answer

Reindeer husbandry 3 3 8

Hunting 1 8 5

Marine mammal hunting 1 13

Fishing 2 4 8

Gathering 1 11 2

Living conditions 3 1 8 2

”How did oil production affect the tundra in terms of …”

”How did oil production affect the tundra in terms of …”