CAPITULO 3. JUEZ DE CONTROL DE GARANTÍAS EN EL SISTEMA PENAL ACUSATORIO COLOMBIANO: LEY
3.2 JUEZ DE CONTROL DE GARANTÍAS EN EL SISTEMA PENAL COLOMBIANO
nc scHooLs cs
credit ss credit 4.4 ss credit 4.4 ss credit 4.4
Points 2 points 2 points 2 points
intent
To reduce pollution and land development impacts from automobile use.
requirements nc & cs
casE 1. non-Residential Projects oPtion 1
Size parking capacity must meet but not exceed minimum local zoning requirements.
nc additional Requirement
Provide preferred parking for carpools or vanpools for 5% of the total parking spaces.
oR oPtion 2
For projects that provide parking for less than 5% (for New Construction) or 3% (for Core & Shell) of full-time equivalent (FTE) building occupants:
Provide preferred parking1 for carpools or vanpools, marked as such, for 5% (for New Construction) or 3% (for Core & Shell) of total parking spaces. Providing a discounted parking rate is an acceptable substitute for preferred parking for carpool or vanpool vehicles. To establish a meaningful incentive in all potential markets, the parking rate must be discounted at least 20%. The discounted rate must be available to all customers (i.e. not limited to the number of customers equal to 5%
of the vehicle parking capacity), publicly posted at the entrance of the parking area, and available for a minimum of 2 years.
oR
oPtion 3
Provide no new parking.
casE 2. Residential Projects oPtion 1
Size parking capacity to meet but not exceed minimum local zoning requirements
SS CreDit 4.4
Exemplary performance option 2
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
nc & cs (continued) oR
oPtion 2
Provide no new parking.
casE 3. Mixed use (Residential with commercial/Retail) Projects oPtion 1
Mixed-use buildings with less than 10% commercial area must be considered residential and adhere to the residential requirements in Case 2. For mixed-use buildings with more than 10% commercial area, the commercial space must adhere to non-residential requirements in Case 1 and the residential component must adhere to residential requirements in Case 2.
oR oPtion 2
Provide no new parking.
aLL casEs
cs additional Requirement
See Appendix 1 — Default Occupancy Counts for occupancy count requirements and guidance.
scHooLs oPtion 1
Size parking capacity must meet but not exceed minimum local zoning requirements.
Provide preferred parking for carpools or vanpools for 5% of the total parking spaces.
oR oPtion 2
Provide no new parking.
oR oPtion 3
For projects that have no minimum local zoning requirements, provide 25%
fewer parking spaces than the applicable standard listed in the 2003 Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) “Parking Generation” study at http://www.ite.org.
SS CreDit 4.4
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
1. Benefits and issues to Consider Environmental issues
Reducing private automobile use saves energy and avoids associated environmental problems, such as vehicle emissions that contribute to smog, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as environmental impacts associated with oil extraction and petroleum refining. The environmental benefits of carpooling are significant. For example, if 100 people carpooled (2 people per car) 10 miles to work and 10 miles home instead of driving separately, they would prevent emissions of about 970 pounds of carbon dioxide per day and would forgo 50 gallons of gas per day.7
Parking facilities also have negative impacts on the environment because asphalt surfaces increase stormwater runoff and contribute to urban heat island effects. By restricting the size of parking lots and promoting carpooling, project teams can reduce these effects and provide such benefits as more green space.
Economic issues
Carpooling reduces the size of parking areas needed to support building occupants, allowing a building to accommodate more occupants without enlarging the parking area. Carpooling also helps reduce building costs, since less land is needed for parking and less infrastructure is needed to support vehicles. Smaller parking areas can decrease the amount of impervious surfaces on a site. This may result in reduced stormwater costs if the local utility bases its fees on impervious surface area. Moreover, because fewer cars on the road means less pollution, traffic congestion, and wear and tear to roadways, many municipalities and state governments offer tax incentives for carpooling programs.
2. related Credits
Minimizing parking, particularly surface parking, by meeting but not exceeding zoning requirements can provide opportunities for enhancing open space, minimizing heat island effect, and minimizes stormwater runoff. See the following credits:
n SS Credit 5.1: Site Development—Protect and Restore Habitat
n SS Credit 5.2: Maximize Open Space
n SS Credit 6: Stormwater Management
n SS Credit 7.1: Heat Island Effect—Nonroof 3. Summary of referenced Standards
Institute of Transportation Engineers, Parking Generation study, 2003 http://www.ite.org
Parking Generation, third edition, represents a significant change from the 1987 edition. Three times as much data are now available and 91 land uses are represented. In addition, this update incorporates parking demand data by hour of day. For the benefit of future analysis and research, this edition separates parking data records by various factors that may affect parking demand.
The study links parking data to the hour of observation to provide a temporal understanding of
SS CreDit 4.4
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
4. implementation
Limit the availability of parking to encourage the use of alternative forms of transportation to and from the site,. Choose a project site that is easily accessible from residential areas by bicycle or public transportation. Once the site is selected, determine how many cars are likely to drive to the site and compare this number with local zoning requirements. If parking demand is expected to be less than that required by local codes, consider seeking a variance with the appropriate authorities to provide less parking. However, any on-site parking reductions should be carefully balanced with community needs to avoid needlessly burdening surrounding neighborhoods with excessive street parking.
Where possible, develop transportation demand management strategies to reduce the number of parking spaces required to meet the needs of occupants. Transportation demand strategies may include publishing rosters with addresses to assist occupants, employees, and students in finding carpool partners, creating incentive programs for carpooling, providing a rideshare board, or setting parking fees at a level sufficient to encourage carpooling. When designing for schools, establish policies that will discourage or prohibit unnecessary student driving.
5. timeline and team
Discussions regarding reduction of parking capacity are most productive at the project concept phase. This may entail discussions with zoning and civic officials and could include community and neighborhood organizations. A traffic study can be a valuable tool for evaluating traffic patterns and expected commuting in single-occupancy vehicles. An additional team member may be engaged as part of the project team to develop this traffic study.
Because of their size or location or because of regulatory requirements, many projects may entail zoning negotiations over the parking requirements. Planned developments may have unique parking requirements that are valuable to consider and discuss as part of the overall alternative transportation strategies.
Design solutions to reduce parking capacity for the project site should be incorporated during schematic design and design development. The architect and design team, with the project owner, should choose the most appropriate approach for future occupants.
6. Calculations
Calculations are required for the options listed below; other approaches require no calculations.
nc
casE 1, oPtion 1
Determine the number of parking spaces and multiply by 5% to determine the number of designated carpool or vanpool spaces required.
casE 1, oPtion 2
Determine the number of FTE occupants (see below) and calculate the percentage for whom parking is provided. If parking is provided for less than 5% of FTEs, multiply the total number of parking spaces by 5% to determine the number of designated carpool or vanpool spaces required.
SS
nc credit 4.4
scHooLs credit 4.4
cs credit 4.4
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
cs
casE 1, oPtion 2
Determine the number of FTE occupants (see below) and calculate the percentage for whom parking is provided. If parking is provided for less than 3% of FTEs, multiply the total number of parking spaces by 3% to determine the number of designated carpool or vanpool spaces required.
scHooLs oPtion 1
Determine the number of parking spaces and multiply by 5% to determine the number of designated carpool or vanpool spaces required.
oPtion 3
Determine the number of spaces recommended in the 2003 Institute of Transportation Engineers’ Parking Generation study for average peak period demand and multiply by 75%
to determine the maximum number of parking spaces allowable.
full-time Equivalent occupants
To determine the number of full-time equivalent occupants, follow the steps below.
stEP 1
Identify the total number of full-time and part-time building occupants. In buildings with multiple shifts, use only the highest-volume shift in the FTE calculation but consider shift overlap when determining peak building use.
stEP 2
Calculate the full-time equivalent (FTE) number of occupants based on a standard 8-hour occupancy period. An 8-hour occupant has an FTE value of 1.0; a part-time occupant has a FTE value based on work hours per day divided by 8 (see Equation 1). FTE calculations for each shift of the project must be used consistently for all LEED credits.
If occupancy is not known, see Appendix 1, Default Occupancy Counts, for occupancy count requirements and guidance.
Equation 1: ftE occupants
total ftE occupants
=
total occupant Hours——————————
8
7. Documentation Guidance
As a first step in preparing to complete the LEED-Online documentation requirements, work through the following measure. Refer to LEED-Online for the complete descriptions of all required documentation.
SS
nc credit 4.4
scHooLs credit 4.4
cs credit 4.4
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.
8. examples
There are no examples for this credit.
9. exemplary performance
Projects may earn an Innovation in Design credit for point for exemplary performance by instituting a comprehensive transportation management plan that demonstrates a quantifiable reduction in personal automobile use. Only 1 exemplary performance credit is available for implementing a comprehensive transportation management plan under SS Credit 4, Alternative Transportation.
Projects that are awarded exemplary performance for SS Credit 4.1, Alternative Transportation—
Public Transportation Access, Option 2 are not eligible for exemplary performance under this credit.
10. regional Variations
There are no regional variations associated with this credit.
11. operations and Maintenance Considerations
For project buildings that include preferred parking, establish procedures for the use of this amenity, communicate them to building occupants, and assign operations staff for their administration.
The procedures might include establishing a system for enforcing use of designated spaces (e.g, a permitting system), discounting paid parking, and tracking use of preferred parking.
12. resources
Please see USGBC’s LEED Registered Project Tools (http://www.usgbc.org/projecttools) for additional resources and technical information.
Websites
Commuting Guide for Employers
http://www.self-propelled-city.com/index.php
This website outlines strategies employers can use to encourage employees to commute by bicycle.
Smart Commute
http://www.smartcommute.org/
Smart Commute is a program of Research Triangle Park that has valuable information about telecommuting and carpool programs useful for any organization.
U.S. EPA and Department of Transportation, Best Workplaces for Commuters http://www.bestworkplaces.org/index.htm
This program publicly recognizes employers who have exemplary commuter benefits programs.
It provides tools, guidance, and promotions to help employers give commuter benefits, reap the financial gains, and achieve national recognition.
U.S. EPA, Transportation and Air Quality http://www.epa.gov/otaq/
This site provides information on the types and effects of air pollution associated with automobile use and links to resources for organizations interested in promoting commuter choice programs.
13. Definitions
A carpool is an arrangement by which 2 or more people share a vehicle for transportation.
A mixed-use project involves a combination of residential and commercial or retail components.
Preferred parking, available to particular users, includes designated spaces close to the building (aside from designated handicapped spots), designated covered spaces, discounted parking passes, and guaranteed passes in a lottery system.
SS
nc credit 4.4
scHooLs credit 4.4
cs credit 4.4
For personal use only and subject to the sales order agreement terms by (BP 10303644). May NOT be copied or distributed.