Jules Riskin, conversación con los autores.

Preservation of the environment is a requirement for hydrocarbon projects. As the traditional way of life of the NSIPN is closely connected with the con- dition of the environment, the right to a favourable environment is stated in Clause 42 of the federal Constitution.

Issues concerning the preservation of the environ- ment are determined in the federal Constitution, federal laws and other statutory acts.

Clause 4 of the federal law, N 7-FZ, “On preserva- tion of the environment” (10 January 2002), spec- ifies objects of special protection as well as sites included in the World Heritage List, state nature re- serves, national parks, and areas of primordial in- habitancy and traditional nature use by the NSIPN. Excerpts of the basic legislation concerning envi- ronmental protection and natural resources in the contect of hydrocarbon prospecting and exploita- tion follow.

General issues of environmental protection in the context of exploration for and extraction of subsoil resources:

The federal law N 7-FZ, “On preservation of the en- vironment” (10 January 2002)

Clause 34. General requirements of environmen- tal protection in the context of locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning, op- eration, preservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, installations and other objects:

1. Locating, designing, constructing, reconstruct- ing, commissioning, operation, preservation and

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liquidation of buildings, structures, construc- tions and other objects rendering direct or in- direct negative influence on the environment are to be carried out according to requirements of environmental protection. Actions should be taken to secure environmental protection and restoration, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, and maintenance of environ- mental safety.

2. Breaching the requirements of environmental protection entails a stop by court order of lo- cating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning, operation, preservation and liq- uidation of buildings, structures, installations and other objects.

3. Complete termination of locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning, operation, preservation and liquidation of build- ings, structures, installations and other objects that breach requirements of environmental pro- tection takes place on the basis of a decision by court and/or tribunal.

Clause 51. Requirements of environmental protec- tion relating to industrial waste

1. Industrial waste, including radioactive waste, must be collected, neutralised, transported, stored and/or disposed of using environmental- ly sound methods as defined by federal legisla- tion .

2. These actions are prohibited:

• dumping industrial waste, including radioac- tive waste, in surface or underground water reservoirs, in water catchment areas, in the subsoil and on the ground;

• deposition of radioactive or other dangerous waste near cities or rural settlements, in for- ests and parks, resorts, health-improvement or recreational zones, on animal migration routes, close to spawning areas and elsewhere where the waste constitutes a danger to the environment, ecosystem or human health; • burying radioactive or other dangerous waste

in water catchment areas for underground water reservoirs used as sources of water sup- ply or for hydrotherapeutic purposes, or for the extraction of valuable subsoil resources; • importing radioactive or other dangerous

waste into the Russian Federation with the purpose of their deposition or neutralisation. 3. Regulations concerning waste, including danger-

ous waste and radioactive waste, are regulated by the federal legislation.

The decision of the State Mining Directorate (Gos- gortekhnadzor) of the Russian Federation of 6 June 2003, N 71, “On the statement of ‘Rules of protec-

tion of subsoil resources’”

1. During the exploitation of subsoil resources, safe- ty of life and health of the population, protec- tion of buildings and constructions, air, ground, forests, water, fauna and other elements of the environment shall be ensured.

2. During the exploitation of subsoil resources, en- vironmental conditions and nature protection measures shall be checked regularly. If deemed necessary, the application of more effective envi- ronmental protection measures will be required. 3. Land destroyed through mining shall, after the cessation of the work, be brought into a suita- ble condition for further use. When work results in the destruction of the soil cover, the fertile ground layer shall be removed, stored and used on recultivated or unproductive land.

4. During the extraction of mineral deposits, ac- tions to prevent water and wind erosion, salting, bogging or other sorts of soil degradation shall be carried out.

5. During the exploitation of surface and ground water, the water needs of the population for drinking and household uses,and the protection of water from exhaustion or pollution, including from sewage, shall have priority.

6. Within the boundaries of the concession, hydro- geological surveys and checks of the ground and surface water conditions shall be undertaken. 7. The allocation in settlements of dumps of … and

waste deposits, being a source of air pollution by dust, harmful gases, evil-smelling substances, ….

Duties of the user of subsoil resources con- cerning environmental protection

Clause 22 of the federal law N 2395-I, “On subsoil resources” (21 February 1992), states the duties of subsoil resource users, including preservation of the environment.

Clause 16 of the NAO law, “On exploitation of sub- soil resources … ” establishes the following duties of subsoil resource users. The user of subsoil re- sources is obliged to observe:

1. legal requirements regarding conducting work connected with the exploitation of subsoil re- sources and the primary processing of minerals; 2. the requirements of technical projects, plans and schemes of mining development,

…

7. regulations concerning the protection of sub- soil resources, air, ground, forests, water, build- ings and other structures from negative impacts resulting from the exploitation of subsoil re-

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sources;

8. that land sites and other natural elements degraded during the exploitation of subsoil re- sources shall be restored to a suitable condition for their further use;

…

10. the specific conditions established by the li- cence or the agreement for the project, and the timely delivery of correct payments.

…

...) the requirements of federal and NAO legisla- tion regarding environmental protection. Users of subsoil resources or other legal and physi- cal persons involved in the exploitation of subsoil resources must have special qualification and expe- rience, confirmed by a state license (certificate, di- ploma) to carry out such activities: geological pros- pecting, search, investigation, various methods of mineral extraction, construction and operation of underground structures, and other relevant activi- ties.

Two federal orders, one of 21 August 2000, N 613, “On urgent measures for prevention and removal of spills of oil and oil products” (revised on 15 April 2002) and the other of 15 April 2002, N 240, “On the order of the organisation of actions under the prevention and removal of oil spills of and oil prod- ucts in the territory of the Russian Federation” es- tablish duties for enterprises that extract and trans- port oil regarding the preparation and performance of emergency plans. In the context of current de- velopments in oil extraction in the NAO it is urgent that the necessary regulations delineating the or- der’s implementation are approved so that these orders can go into effect.

In the NAO, the “Regulations of the organisation of actions under the prevention and removal of oil spills and oil products in the territory of Nenets Au- tonomous Okrug”, approved by the NAO adminis- trative resolution of 24 October 2002, N 595, also applies. This also describes the duties of users of subsoil resources in this sphere.

Protection of water resources

The Water Code of the Russian Federation

Clause 52. Use of water for investigation and ex- traction of minerals.

1. Use of water for investigation and extraction of minerals shall be carried out according to the present Code and the legislation on sub- soil resources.

Clause 55. Basic requirements for protection of wa- ter

…

2. When using water resources, physical or le- gal persons are obliged to carry out measures to ensure an adequate supply for household use among the local inhabitants and protec- tion of water resources according to the pre- sent Code and other federal laws.

Protection of woods and forest plots

State- or municipally-owned forest plots can be leased for geological studies of subsoil resources and for the extraction of mineral deposits.

Geological studies of subsoil resources in forests controlled by the Federal Forest Service without al- location of a forest plot is permitted on the basis of sanctions by federal and local governments, as long as such work does not entail the felling of for- est plantings.

The Forest Code of the Russian Federation

Clause 21. Construction, reconstruction and opera- tion of structures which are not part of the forest infrastructure.

1. Construction, reconstruction and operation of objects, which are not part of the forest in- frastructure, on the “Forest Fund” are permit- ted for:

• geological studies of subsoil resources; • development of mineral deposits. Clause 25. Types of forest use

…

• Geological studies of subsoil resources, extrac- tion of mineral deposits.

Clause 43. Use of forests for geological studies of subsoil resources and for extraction of mineral de- posits.

1. Use of forests for geological studies of subsoil resources and the extraction of mineral de- posits can only be carried out in accordance with Clause 21 of the Land Code.

2. State- or municipally-owned forest plots are leased for geological studies of subsoil re- sources and the extraction of mineral depos- its, except in the cases stipulated by Part 3 of the present clause.

3. On the basis of federal or local government sanctions, geological surveys of subsoil re- sources in forests controlled by the Federal Forest Service is permitted without allocation of a forest plot, as long such work does not entail the felling of forest plantings.

4. Regulation of the use of forests for geologi- cal studies of subsoil resources and for the ex- traction of mineral deposits is established by the authorised federal authority.

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9. Compensation for damage to the tradition-