Justicia de ventanilla

4.1 Engineering Design

4.1.1 Highway Geometric Design 4.1.2 Design Of Built-up Areas

4.1.3 Design Of Pavement And Shoulders 4.1.4 Overlay Design

4.1.5 Design Of Service Road And Bypass 4.1.6 Design Of Embankments

4.1.7 Design Of Roadside Drainage

4.1.8 Detailed Design Of Bridges/Structures 4.1.9 Design Of Arboricultural And Landscaping 4.1.10 Design Of Intersection And Interchange

4.1.11 Design Of Traffic Safety Features, Road Furniture And Road Markings 4.1.13 Weighing Station, Parking Areas And Rest Areas

4.1.14 Design Of Wayside Amenities 4.1.15 Design Of Communication System 4.1.16 Design Of Bus-Bays And Lay-By 4.1.17 Design Of Miscellaneous Items

5.1 Project Costing

5.1.1 Finalisation Of Unit Rates

4.1.2 Preliminary Estimate Of Quantities 4.1.3 Preliminary Costing

5.2 Economic Analysis

5.2.1 Construction/Improvement Cost

5.2.2 Vehicle Operating Costs And Time Costs 5.2.3 Accident Costs

5.2.4 Social And Environmental Costs 5.2.5 Estimation Of Project Benefits 5.2.6 Economic Analysis By Section 5.2.7 Finalisation Of Improvement Option 5.3 Financial Analysis

5.3.1 Determination Of Toll Rates 5.3.2 Compilation Of Project Costs

5.3.3 Identification Of Preliminary Project Revenue Stream 5.3.4 Financial Analysis

5.4 Formulation Of Construction Packages 5.5 Submission Of Project Report

Highway Geometric Design

• Horizontal Alignment: The proposed centerline shall be finalised using a sophisticated highway design software, All the curves having poor geometry shall be improved to the acceptable design standards

• Vertical Profile: The existing longitudinal section of the project road shall be obtained from modeling the ground data. The finished profile shall depend on the thickness of the pavement layer determined from pavement design provision for necessary profile corrective and camber corrective course.

– Avoid cutting/scraping of existing pavement at strengthening only sections – Compatibility of design speed to horizontal geometry of the section

– Provide adequate vertical curve at the grade change from stopping sight distance criterion.

• Cross Section: The proposed cross sections are broadly composed of carriageway, medians, raised footpath, hard shoulders, earth shoulder and drainage provisions.

While running cross-sections care shall be taken in applying appropriate super elevation parameters, strengthening & widening, and improvement options based on rural, built-up etc.

• The earthwork in cutting and filling shall be obtained form the software directly at a specified interval along with Mass haul diagram.

Design of Built-upAreas

• This activity shall focus on design of urban areas in the form of parking lane, service road, sidewalk and roadside drainage underneath the sidewalk etc. All these details shall be clearly shown in the horizontal plan and also typical cross sections shall be prepared.

Design of Pavement and Shoulders Overlay Design

• The performance of pavement in terms of functional performance, structural performance, structural capacity, and safety contribute to the need for an overlay.

• Functional performance refers to the ability of the pavement surface to provide a reasonable riding quality measured in terms of roughness.

• Structural performance is the ability to retain the integrity of the pavement by preventing distress in the form of cracks, ruts, potholes, etc.

• Structural capacity is the pavement's ability to accommodate the axle load on the pavement. Safety aspect refers mainly the skid resistance and hydroplaning potential.

Design of Service Road and Bypass

• This activity shall focus on design of service road and bypass in terms of number of lanes and pavement composition.

• The local traffic component shall be segregated and would determine the number of lanes to be provided in the service road. Depending on this traffic loading and soil investigation already carried out, the pavement composition shall be decided.

Design of Embankments

• The embankments would be designed after detailed analysis and as per the relevent standards and latest software available. General design parameters shall follow IRC guidelines.

Design of Roadside Drainage

• Drainage is an important aspect in the design of highway. With poor drainage conditions the pavement will not sustain till the end of design life.

– Design of kutcha drain on both sides near RoW limits in rural sections – Covered pucca drains near urban areas if necessary

– Design of chutes in high embankment areas for drainage of surface water – In super elevation sections median drains shall be provided

– As a slope protection measure for high embankment section, turfing on slopes or pitching shall be designed as per the design standards.

Detailed Design of Bridges/Structures

• Based on the detailed survey, sub-surface investigation and design standards and specifications developed bridge/structures shall be designed.

• General design parameters and loadings shall follow IRC guidelines, amended when necessary in consultation with client.

• In selecting foundation type, the consultant shall also take into account the time required for construction of alternatives, and give preference to those which minimise construction time.

• In developing the standard designs and for those designs, which cannot be standardized, computer programs for design and drawing shall be used extensively.

On the basis of the investigation and design standards, detailed designs for minor bridges and culverts shall be prepared.

• Design of Arboricultural and Landscaping

• Appropriate plans shall be developed for planting of trees, horticulture and floriculture on the unused land of the RoW in order to beautify the project corridor view and improve the overall aesthetics.

Design of Intersection and Interchange

• To avoid skew crossing wherever possible

• To provide control radius of minimum 12.5 m for right turning traffic

• To provide radius of minimum 9.0m for left turning traffic

• To provide maximum possible length for weaving section in case of rotary

• To provide 3.0m additional width of carriageway at weaving sections

• To provide adequate sight distance for all traffic movements

• To provide slip lanes for left turning where the volume is assessed to be high and also land is available

• IRC: SP41-1994 Guidelines of Design of At-grade Intersection in Rural and Urban areas and M/ORT&H type designs for intersection on National Highway, 1992 shall be followed in the design of intersections. For developing designs for interchanges at identified intersections IRC: 92-1985 “Guidelines for the design of interchanges in urban areas” and AASHTO guidelines shall be followed.

Design of Toll Plaza

• Design toll plaza layout based on traffic segregation, acceptable queue length, toll collection system and the average waiting time shall be made.

• The plaza shall be designed based on the forecast traffic in such a way that the traffic shall be subject to minimum delay and inconvenience. Also necessary facilities shall be provided in the design for effective toll collection.

Design of Traffic Safety features, Road Furniture and Road Markings

• Design of traffic signs and road markings, to effectively guide and control the traffic, shall be carried out based on current national and international practices.

Weighing Station, Parking Areas and Rest Areas

• Sites for Weighing stations, parking areas and rest areas shall be selected based on the data collected and as per the discussions with the MoRT&H.

• Design of Wayside Amenities

• Design of the Wayside Amenities carried out in accordance with the comments and suggestions of client and suitable layouts shall be prepared accommodating petrol pump, first-aid medical facilities, restaurant, vehicle parking, toilets, telephone kiosks, etc.

Design of Communication System

• An emergency telephone communication system to be used even by a person in emergent condition with little effort shall be designed. This would be a public access telephone system dedicated to control center, which shall coordinate services like fire, ambulance, police and retrieval of breakdown vehicles, besides emergency highway maintenance operations.

Design of Bus-bays and Lay-by

• Review of design of bus-bays, in accordance with comments of clients, as per IRC and M/ORT&H guidelines and drawings shall be made.

Design of Miscellaneous Items

• Designs for guardrails, street lighting and other necessary roadside appurtenance shall be carried out based on IRC and other current international practices.

Traffic Management Schemes during Implementation

• Traffic management during construction is an integral part of execution of highway projects. An efficient scheme or traffic management shall be developed based on MoRT&H and IRC guidelines, which would include traffic diversion plans during construction and maintenance and other measures for traffic control and safety.

Project Costing

• Unit rates shall be normally based on Schedule of Rates of respective departments

• The unit rates calculated for similar roadwork and bridgework items shall be reviewed and updated for cost calculation. In specific projects

• Preliminary Estimate of Quantities

• Quantities of various items shall be worked out based on the typical cross sections already prepared chainage wise. Total item wise quantities for bridges and C-D structures shall also be calculated considering the design features and present condition of bridges.

– Construction Cost – Maintenance Cost – Land Acquisition Cost – Environmental Cost

– Cost of Utility Relocation.

Economic Analysis

• In order to carry out the economic analysis, all economic costs shall be estimated by each homogenous section. These costs comprise of the following:

– Cost of construction/improvement – Vehicle operating costs and time costs – Accident costs

– Social and environmental costs

Estimation of Project Benefits

• The benefits from each improvement option shall be derived by using the approach of "with" and "without" project scenario, for each homogeneous section. The benefits would comprise the following:

– VOC savings

– Travel time savings

– Savings in Accident costs – Socio-Environmental benefits

Financial Analysis

• Financial analysis, by each section, shall be carried out for the identification of potential BOT candidates. The revenue stream, as generated in the previous tasks shall be included into the analysis in two stages:

• Revenue only from toll imposition

• Revenue from other sources as well.

Formulation of Construction Packages

• The project corridor shall be divided into several construction packages depending on the length of the project corridor. These shall cover and facilitate:

• Enabling more contractors to bid

• Uniformity in work

• Speed in implementation of the project speedily

• Economy in construction

• Efficient Project management