La comparación entre modelos lineales y circulares

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~(

The clausal conjunctive ~(㦒)Ⳋ㍲Gis used when two actions (or states) are carried out simultaneously by the same subject. It corresponds to “while”

in English. ~(㦒)Ⳋ㍲ is a two-form ending: ~㦒Ⳋ㍲ is used after a stem that ends in a consonant (e.g., ⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲ “while eating”); ~Ⳋ㍲ is used after a stem that ends in a vowel (e.g., Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ㍲ “while drinking”).

䕳䆮㦚 ⲏ㦒Ⳋ㍲ 㡗䢪⯒ ⽊ἶ 㧞㠊㣪. “(He) is seeing a movie, eating popcorn.”

㤊㩚䞮Ⳋ㍲ 㩚䢪䞮ἶ 㧞㠊㣪? “Are (you) calling (someone), while driving?”

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲Ⳋ㍲ 㧊㟒₆䞮㕃㔲㡺. “Talk, drinking coffee.”

䞲ῃ ⏎⧮⯒ ⿖⯊Ⳋ㍲ ṯ㧊 Ỏ㦒㕃㔲┺. “(Let us) walk together, singing Korean songs.”

❪㧦㧎㧊 㡞㊮Ⳋ㍲ Ṩ㧊 㕎㣪. “While the design is pretty, the price is inexpensive.”

㧊 㰧㧊 䋂Ⳋ㍲ 䞯ᾦ㠦㍲☚ Ṗ₢㤢㣪. “While this house is big, (it) is also near from school.”

㦢㔳㧊 ゚㕎Ⳋ㍲ ㍲゚㓺☚ ⋮ザ㣪. “While (their) food is expensive, (their) service is also bad.”

ῆ㧎㧊Ⳋ㍲ 䞯㌳㧊㠦㣪. “While (he) is a military man, (he) is a student.”

~(㦒)Ⳋ㍲ is not conjugated for the tense. Consider the following examples:

☞㦚 ⻢Ⳋ㍲ ╖䞯㠦 ┺⎪㠊㣪. “(I) attended the college, while earning money.”

䘎㰖⯒ 㧓㦒Ⳋ㍲ 㤎㠞㠊㣪? “Did (she) cry, while reading the letter?”

⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ ㌳ṗ䞮Ⳋ㍲ 㧊 ㌂㰚✺㦚 ⽊ἶ 㧞㠞㠊㣪. “(I) was looking at these pictures, while thinking about that friend.”

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Clausal conjunctives (time)

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Notice in the examples above that only the predicates of the main clauses are conjugated for the tense.

~(㦒)Ⳋ㍲ is often used for disapproving, criticizing or complaining. This is when two simultaneous actions or states, connected by ~(㦒)Ⳋ㍲, are disagreeing or inconsonant each other. Consider the following example:

Ὃ⿖⯒ 㞞G䞮Ⳋ㍲ h ⯒ ⹱ἶ 㕌㠊䟊㣪. “While (he) does not study, (he) wants to receive an A.”

Notice that the action of the first clause (e.g., not studying) and that of the main clause (want to receive an A) are inconsonant each other. In addition, the sentence is a speech act of complaining or disapproving.

Here are more examples:

㩲㧒 ⏨㦖 ⽟ 㦚 ⹱㦒Ⳋ㍲ 㔺⩻㧊 㠜㠊㣪. “While (he) receives the highest salary, (he) does not have any merit.”

㰗㠛☚ 㠜㦒Ⳋ㍲ ゚㕒 㹾Ⱒ 㺔㞚㣪. “While (he) does not even have a job, (he) only looks for expensive cars.”

~㧦Ⱎ㧦

The clausal conjunctive ~㧦Ⱎ㧦 means “as soon as” or “immediately after.”

~㧦Ⱎ㧦 is subject to the following restrictions. First, it must be used only with verbs, as shown below:

㧒㦚 Ⱎ䂮㧦Ⱎ㧦 㰧㠦 Ṟ Ệ㡞㣪. “(I) will go home as soon as (I) finish with (my) work.”

㧒㠊⋮㧦Ⱎ㧦 ㌺㤢䞶 Ệ㡞㣪? “Will (you) take a shower as soon as (you) get up?”

Ὃ䟃㠦 ☚㹿䞮㧦Ⱎ㧦 㡆⧓䞮㎎㣪. “Contact (them) as soon as (you) arrive in the airport.”

Second, it is not conjugated for the tense.

㥶┞㓺ṖG⹿㠦G✺㠊㡺㧦Ⱎ㧦G䞒䎆ṖG㩚❇㦚G䆆㠊㣪. “Peter turned the electric lamp on as soon as Eunice entered the room.”

䘎㰖⯒ 㧓㧦Ⱎ㧦 㤎㠞㠊㣪. “(She) cried as soon as (she) read the letter.”

㏢㔳㦚 ✹㧦Ⱎ㧦 ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮Ṫ㠊㣪. “(He) went outside as soon as (he) heard the news.”

Notice in the examples above that only the main clauses are conjugated for the tense.

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~┺Ṗ

~┺Ṗ

The clausal conjunctive ~┺ṖGis used to express the shift in action or state.

When it is attached to a verb stem, it indicates that the subject shifts his/

her action to another. Consider the following examples:

㺛㦚 㧓┺Ṗ 㧺㠊㣪. “As (I) read the book, (I) slept.”

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺Ṗ 㓞䗒Ⱎ䅩㠦 ✺⩖㠊㣪. “On my way to school, (I) stopped by the supermarket.”

Notice in the examples above that the subjects shifted certain actions (e.g., reading, going to school) to another actions (e.g., sleeping, stopping by the supermarket). Here are more examples:

XW ⿚ 㩚₢㰖 ⁎ 䂲ῂ⯒ ₆┺Ⰲ┺Ṗ 㰧㠦 Ṫ㠊㣪. “(He) waited for that friend until 10 minutes ago and then went home.”

䄺䞒⯒ Ⱎ㔲┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ⯒ Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “While drinking coffee, (I) met (my) friends.”

㤆㼊ῃ㠦GṖ┺ṖGⶊ㠝㦚G㌖㠊㣪? “What did (you) buy on (your) way to the post office?”

⥆┺Ṗ XW ⿚ 㩫☚ 㓂㎎㣪. “Run and then rest about 10 minutes.”

ⲪⓊ⯒ ⽊┺Ṗ 㦢㔳㦚 㔲䌋㔲┺. “(Let us) look at the menu and then order food.”

When ~┺Ṗ is attached to an adjective stem, it indicates the shift in state to another. Consider the following example:

ⰱ㧊 㕇ỗ┺Ṗ 㰲㣪. “The taste was watery and then (it) is salty (now).”

Notice in the example above that there was a shift in the state (e.g., from

“being watery” to “being salty”). The first state is no longer in effect in favor of the second state. Here are more examples:

㡺㩚₢㰖 ⋶㝾Ṗ 㫡┺Ṗ 㰖⁞㦖 䦦Ⱃ┞┺. “The weather was good until a.m. and then (it) is cloudy now.”

䋂Ⰲ㓺Ⱎ㓺 㩚₢㰖 ゚㕎┺Ṗ XY 㤪G Y] 㧒⿖䎆⓪ 㕎㪢㠊㣪. “(They) were expensive before Christmas but then (they) became inexpensive (starting) from December 26.”

The use of the past tense marker 㠞/㞮 is optional for ~┺Ṗ. If the speaker wishes to highlight the past action rather than the shift in the action, he/she can optionally use the past tense marker. Compare the fol-lowing two sentenes:

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Clausal conjunctives (time)

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䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṗ┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ✺㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “On (my) way to school, (I) met (my) friends.”

䞯ᾦ㠦 Ṫ┺Ṗ 䂲ῂ✺㦚 Ⱒ⌂㠊㣪. “(I) went to school and then met (my) friends.”

Notice that there is a subtle meaning difference between the two sentences:

While the first sentence simply indicates the shift in the action, the second sentence highlights the completed past action that took place before the shift of the action took place. Here are more examples:

㟓㏣㦚 䟞┺Ṗ 䀾㏢䟞㠊㣪. “(I) made a promise and then (I) cancelled (it).”

㠊❪ Ṫ┺Ṗ 㡺㎾㠊㣪? “Where did you go and come back?”

䅊䜾䎆⯒ ㌖┺Ṗ 䕪㞮㠊㣪. “(We) bought the computer and then sold (it).”

㩚❇㦚 䆆┺ṖGΩ┺Ṗ ⁎⧮㣪. “(They) do things like turning the elec-tric lamp on and off.”

㠎㩲 ╖㌂ὖ㠦 Ṫ┺Ṗ 㢪㠊㣪? “When did (you) go to the embassy and come back?”

~┺Ṗ⓪

The topic particle ⓪ can be optionally attached to the conjunctive ~┺Ṗ.

~┺Ṗ⓪ is used to warn about the action or state of the prior clause.

Consider the following examples:

ⰺ㧒G㑶㦚GⰞ㔲┺Ṗ⓪GỊṫ㦚G䟊䂶 㑮 㧞㠊㣪. “If (you) drink alcohol everyday, (you) can harm (your) health.”

㿪㤊G⋶㝾㠦G⹬㠦㍲G㡺⧮G㤊☯䞮┺Ṗ⓪GṦ₆GỎⰊ 㑮 㧞㠊㣪. “If (you) exercise for a long time under the cold weather outside, (you) can catch a cold.”

Notice in the examples above that ~┺Ṗ⓪ indicates that the continual action of the first clause may generate an unpleasant or troublesome consequence.

~(㦒)⩺┺Ṗ

The combination of ~(㦒)⩺ἶ “intending to” with ~┺Ṗ creates a new clausal conjunctive ~(㦒)⩺┺Ṗ. The conjunctive ~(㦒)⩺┺Ṗ is used when one tries to do something but comes across another situation. It indicates that the intentional action of the first clause was never actualized, but the action of the main clause was realized instead. Consider the following example:

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