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through which formation fluids may enter or to provide holes in the casing so that materials may be introduced into the annulus between the casing and the wall of the borehole. Perforating is accomplished by lowering into the well a perforating gun, or perforator, which fires electrically detonated

bullets or shaped charges. See bullet perforator; jet-perforate, perforating gun.

perforated completion n: 1. a well completion method in which the producing zone or zones are cased through, cemented, and perforated to allow fluid flow into the wellbore. 2. a well completed by this method.

perforated liner n: a liner that has had holes shot in it by a perforating gun. See liner.

perforated pipe n: sections of pipe (such as casing, liner, and tail pipe) in which holes or slots have been cut before it is set.

perforated spacer tube n: a ported, ex- tended production tube used as an alternative path for wireline measuring devices.

perforate under balanced v: to perforate the well with a column of fluid in the well bore, which exerts less pressure on bottom than the formation does, to cause formation fluids to flow into the wellbore immediately after the casing is perforated. The method is also called reverse-pressure perforating. Its purpose is to force debris in the perforation to flow into the wellbore and not restrict flow within the perforation.

perforating gun n: a device fitted with shaped charges or bullets that is lowered to the de- sired depth in a well and fired to create penetrating holes in casing, cement, and formation.

perforating truck n: a special vehicle designed to allow control of a perforating operation within it.

pendulum assembly n: a bottomhole assembly composed of a bit and several large-diameter drill collars and stabilisers placed to allow the bottom drill collar to bend toward the vertical. The assembly works on the principle of the pendulum effect and is used to decrease drift angle. See pendulum effect.

pelican hook n: (nautical) a wire rope attached to an anchor and sometimes to the

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perforation 151 Pf

perforation n: a hole made in the casing, cement, and formation through which formation fluids enter a wellbore. Usually several perforations are made at a time. perforation depth control log (PDC log) n: a special type of nuclear log that measures the depth of each casing collar. Knowing the depth of the collars makes it easy to determine the exact depth of the formation to be perforated by correlating casing-collar depth with formation depth.

perforation washer n: a device utilising rubber cups run on the tubing string and used to wash, with water, the perforations of wells completed in unconsolidated sands. perforator n: see perforating gun.

performance curve n: see accuracy curve of a volume meter.

perfs n pi: perforations in casing for the inflow of hydrocarbons and gas.

period of pitch n: the time required for the bow or the stem of a floating offshore drilling rig to start at its lowest position, rise with a wave, and return to its lowest position. period of roll n: the time required for a floating offshore drilling rig to roll from one side to the other and back.

perlite n: a volcanic rock that can be extended to many times its original volume by crushing and heating under pressure. Release of the pressure causes expansion when the water in the rock turns to steam. It is used as an extender in cement.

permafrost n: perennially frozen subsoil. permanent completion n: a well completion in which production, workover, and recompletion operations can be performed without removing the wellhead.

pennanent guide base n: a structure attached to and installed with the foundation pile when a well is drilled from an offshore floating drilling rig. It is seated in the temporary guide base and serves as a well head housing. Guidelines are attached to it so that equipment (such as the blowout preventers) may be guided into place on the wellhead.

permanent magnet n: usually steel or oilier alloy such as alnico magnetised by an

electromagnet. Permanent magnets are highly retentive.

permanent packer n: a nometrievable type of packer that is very reliable but must be drilled or milled out for removal. Most permanent packers are seal-bore packers. permeability n: 1. a measure of the ease with which a fluid flows through the connecting pore spaces of rock or cement. The unit of measurement is the rnilIidarcy. 2. fluid conductivity of a porous medium. 3. ability of a fluid to flow within the interconnected pore network of a porous medium. See absolute permeability, effective permeability, relative permeability.

permeability barrier n: a hindrance to movement of fluids within the formation rock of a reservoir. Permeability barriers include obvious problems, such as shale lenses and calcite or clay deposits, and less obvious ones, such as porosity changes.

permeable adj. allowing the passage of fluid. See permeability.

permeameter n: a device used to deter- mine the permeability of a core sample by forcing dry air through the sample at the flow rate determined by the pressure differential across the sample. The inlet air pressure and the air flow rate are recorded and, with the dimensions of the sample, are used to calculate permeability.

Permian Basin n: a prolific oil- and gas- producing area in West Texas and eastern New Mexico. So called because many of the rocks from which the oil and gas are withdrawn are of Permian age.

Permian period n: the last geologic time period in the Paleozoic era, 280 million to 225 million years ago.

permissible exposure limit (PEL) n: the concentration of toxic gas to which it is believed all workers may be repeatedly ex- posed without adverse effects. Set by the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists.

persistence n: the durability or longevity of inhibitors used in corrosion control. personal protective equipment (PPE) n: equipment worn by workers to protect themselves from chemical or substance hazards while working.

personnel basket n: a net attached to a floatable ring on which personnel ride when being transferred from boat to rig on off- shore locations. It is usually rigged to a crane.

personnel net n: see personnel basket. petcock n: a small valve or faucet for letting out air or for draining liquids.

petrochemical n: a chemical manufactured from petroleum and natural gas or from raw materials derived from petroleum and natural gas.

petrol n: (British) gasoline.

Petro'leos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) n: the state-owned oil company of Venezuela. petroleum n: a substance occurring naturally in the earth in solid, liquid, or gaseous state and composed mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen, with or without other non- metallic elements such as sulphur, oxygen, and nitrogen. In some cases, especially in the measurement of oil and gas, petroleum refers only to oil-.a liquid hydrocarbon-and does not include natural gas or gas liquids such as propane and butane. The API Measurement Coordination Department prefers that petroleum mean crude oil and not natural gas or gas liquids.

petroleum geology n: the study of oil- and gas-bearing rock formations. It deals with the origin, occurrence, movement, and accumulation of hydrocarbon fuels. Petroleum Industry Training Service (P.I.T.S) (Canada) n: an industry-controlled and industry-operated training organisation maintained specifically to assist Canadian companies with their training. Address: Bay 13,2115 27thAvenueNE; Calgary, Alberta T2E 7E4, Canada; (403) 250-9606. petroleum rock n: sandstone, limestone, dolomite, fractured shale, and other porous rock formations where accumulations of oil and gas may be found.

petroleum window n: the conditions of temperature and pressure under which petroleum will form. Also called oil window. petrolirerous adj. containing petroleum (said of rocks).

petrology n: a branch of geology dealing with the origin, occurrence, structure, and history of rocks, principally igneous and metamorphic rocks. Compare lithology. Pf abbr: the phenolphthalein alkalinity of the filtrate, reported as the number of millilitres of 0.02 Normal (N/50) acid required per millilitre of filtrate to reach the phenolphthalein end point. Pc is a measure of the alkalinity of the drilling mud. Usually, muds should have a high alkalinity (pH) to ensure adequate performance.

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pH 152 pilot pin

pH abbr: an indicator of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance or solution, represented on a scale of 0-14, 0-6.9 being acidic, 7 being neither acidic nor basic (i.e., neutral), and 7.1-14 being basic. These values are based on hydrogen ion content and activity.

phase n: 1. a portion of a physical system that is liquid, gas, or solid, that is homogeneous throughout, that has definite boundaries, and that can be separated from other phases. The three phases of H2O, for example, are ice (solid), water (liquid), and steam (gas). 2. in physics, the stage or point in a cycle to which a rotation, oscillation, or variation has advanced.

phase angle n: the number of electrical degrees between corresponding points on the sine wave of two or more emfs or cur- rents of the same frequency, or between current and voltage in a circuit.

phenol n: C6H5OH, a white, crystalline, water-soluble, poisonous mass obtained from coal tar, or a hydroxyl derivative of benzene.

phenolics n pi: thermosetting plastic materials formed by the condensation of phenols (containing C6HsOH) with aldehydes (containing CHO) and used as protective coat- ings for oilfield structures. phosphate n: 1. generic term for any compound that contains phosphorous and oxygen in the form of a phosphate, which is chemically abbreviated as PO4. 2. a salt or ester of phosphoric acid.

phosphorite n: a rock of biochemical origin, composed largely of calcium phosphate from bird droppings and vertebrate remains. photoelectric effect n: the absorption of gamma rays that results in ejection of electrons from an atom. Photoelectric effect occurs when light of sufficient energy falls on an atom and causes it to lose electrons. The energy of the light actually tears electrons away from the atoms of a substance. photogeology n: the practice of examining aerial and satellite photography of the earth to identify and assess the significance of surface features.

photographic survey instrument n: a device used to determine the angle and direction by which a wellbore deviates from the vertical. After the instrument is run into the hole, it takes a photograph that is then brought to the surface, developed, and analysed. Photographic survey instruments can be single-shot or multishot and magnetic or gyroscopic.

photon n: a quantum, or unit, of electro- magnetic radiation energy.

photooxidation n: oxidation introduced by sunlight; a very slow process that helps to break down hydrocarbons exposed to

sunlight into other components and, eventually, into carbon dioxide and water. photosynthesis n: a process by which chlorophyll-bearing plants produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water using the energy of sunlight.

pH value n: a unit of measure of the acid or alkaline condition of a substance. A neutral solution (such as pure water) has a pH of 7; acid solutions are less than 7; basic, or alkaline, solutions are more than 7. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale. A substance with a pH of 4 is more than twice as acid as a substance with a pH of 5. Similarly, a substance with a pH of 9 is more than twice as alkaline as a substance with a pH of 8. physical hazard n: (OSHA) a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive), or water reactive.

PI abbr: productivity index.

pickle n: a cylindrical or spherical device that is affixed to the end of a wireline just above the hook to keep the line straight and to provide weight. v: to soak metal pieces in a chemical solution to remove dirt and scale from the metal's surface.

pickup n: see transmitter.

pickup meter n: a device for converting meter rotor movement into an electrical output signal.

pickup position n: the point at which the floor crew of a drilling rig can latch the elevators around the pipe when it is coming out of the hole.

PI curve n: see productivity index curve. piercement dome n: see diapir. piezoelectric crystal n: a crystal that generates electrical current as a result of the application of mechanical stress.

pig n: 1. a scraping tool that is forced through a pipeline or flow line to clean out accumulations of wax, scale, and debris from the walls of the pipe. It travels with the flow of product in the line. cleaning the pipe walls by means of blades or brushes affixed to it. Also called a line scraper or a go-devil. 2. a batching cylinder with neoprene or plastic cups on either end and used to separate different products travelling in the same pipeline. 3. a neoprene displacement spheroid, automatically launched and received. used to displace liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas pipelines. 4. in hydro- static testing of a pipeline. a scraper used inside the line to push air out ahead of the test water and to push water out after the test. v: to force a device called a pig through a pipeline or a flow line for the purpose of cleaning the interior walls of the pipe. separating different products. or displacing fluids.

piggyback v: (nautical) to install anchors