2. Panorama sectorial de la Covid-19
2.1 La Covid-19 en el sector del transporte aéreo
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overranging 147 ozone
overranging adj. when applied to metering, indicates that the maximum permitted flow of the meter is being exceeded.
overregistration n: the amount by which the indicated volume registered by a meter exceeds the actual volume that has passed through the meter. Determined by means of a suitable standard device. Compare underregistration.
overriding royalty n: an interest carved out of the lessee's working interest. It entitles its owner to a fraction of production free of any production or operating expense, but not free of production or severance tax levied on production. An overriding royalty may be created by grant or by reservation. Commonly, an override is reserved by the assignor in a farmout agreement or other assignment. An override's duration corresponds to that of the lease from which it was created.
overrunning clutch n: 1. a special clutch that permits a rotating member to turn freely under certain conditions but not under others. 2. a clutch that is used in a starter and transmits cranking effort but overruns freely when the engine tries to drive the starter.
overshot n: a fishing tool that is attached to tubing or drill pipe and lowered over the outside wall of pipe or sucker rods lost or stuck in the wellbore. A friction de- vice in the overshot, usually either a basket or a spiral grapple, firmly grips the pipe, allowing the fish to be pulled from the hole.
overspeed governor n: a special type of engine governor that prevents an engine from running too fast (over speeding) by shutting down the engine if it overspeeds. See governor.
overspeeding n: an engine's running beyond than the maximum speed for which it was designed. Overspeeding an engine can severely damage it.
overspeed trip n: see overspeed governor. overthrust fault n: a low-dip angle (nearly horizontal) reverse fault along which a large displacement has occurred. Some over- thrusts, such as many of those in the Rocky
Mountain Overthrust Belt, represent slip- pages of many miles.
overtreatment n: adding too much chemical in batch treating, resulting in an emulsion that is very difficult to break.
overturned fold n: a rock fold that has be- come slanted to one side so that the layers on one side appear to occur in reverse order (younger layers beneath older).
ownership in place n: see absolute ownership.
oxidation n: 1. the process of burning. 2. a chemical reaction with oxygen in which a compound loses electrons and gains a more positive charge.
oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) n: the difference in voltage shown when an insert electrode is immersed in a reversible oxidation-reduction system. It is the measurement of the system's state of oxidation. Also called Eh, redox potential. oxide n: a chemical compound in which oxygen is joined with a metal or a nonmetal. oxidise v: 1. to combine with oxygen. 2. to remove one or more electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule.
oxyacetylene welding n: see acetylene welding.
oxygenated adj. having or containing oxygen.
oxygenation n: combining or supplying with oxygen.
oxygen-concentration cell n: a corrosion cell formed by differing concentrations of oxygen in an electrolyte.
oxygen toxicity n: a harmful reaction experienced by divers breathing extremely high partial pressures of oxygen. Divers may suffer from two forms: one affects the central nervous system; the other affects the pulmonary muscles. Because of these dangers, pure oxygen is not used as a
breathing medium below 50 feet (15.2 metres) in commercial operations.
oz abbr: ounce.
ozone n: at ground level, one of the primary ingredients in smog and a poisonous form of pure oxygen. Smog ozone is created by sunlight acting on nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the air. Ozone high in the atmosphere forms the Earth's main shield against the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
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148 Pa sym: pascal.
PAC abbr: polyanionic cellulose. P&A abbr: plug and abandon.
packed column n: a fractionation or absorption column filled with small objects that are designed to have a relatively large surface per unit volume (the packing), in- stead of bubble trays or other devices, to give the required contact between the rising vapours and the descending liquid. packed-bole assembly n: a bottomhole assembly consisting of stabilisers and large- diameter drill collars arranged in a particular configuration to maintain drift angle and direction of a hole. This assembly is often necessary in crooked hole country. See crooked hole country.
packed pendulum assembly n: a bottom- hole assembly in which pendulum-length collars are swung below a regular packed- hole assembly. The pendulum portion of the assembly is used to reduce hole angle. It is then removed, and the packed-hole assem- bly is run above the bit. See packed-hole assembly. pendulum assembly.
packer-bore receptacle n: a retrievable device anchored on the top of a production packer. It receives a tubing seal assembly. See also tubing seal assembly.
packer flowmeter n: a tool for production logging that employs an inflatable packer. It ensures that all the fluid from the well passes through the measuring devices built into the tool.
packer fluid n: a liquid. usually salt water or oil. but sometimes mud. used in a well when a packer is between the tubing and the casing. Packer fluid must be heavy enough to shut off the pressure of the formation being produced. must not stiffen or settle out of suspension over long periods of time. and must be non-corrosive.
packer mill n: see mill.
packer squeeze method n: a squeeze cementing method in which a packer is set to form a seal between the working string (the pipe down which cement is pumped) and the casing. Another packer or a cement plug is set below the point to be squeeze- cemented. By setting packers, the squeeze point is isolated from the rest of the well. See packer; squeeze cementing.
packer test n: a fluid-pressure test of the casing. Also called a cup test.
pack ice n: a solid pack of ice that covers more than half of the visible sea surface. packing n: a material used in a cylinder, in the stuffing box of a valve, or between flange joints to maintain a leak proof seal.
packing assembly n: the arrangement of the downhole tools used in running and setting a packer.
packing elements n pi: the set of dense rubber. washer-shaped pieces encircling a packer. which are designed to expand against casing or formation face to seal off the annulus.
packing gland n: the metal part that compresses and holds packing in place in a stuffing box. See stuffing box.
packing ring n: piston ring.
pack-off n: a device with an elastomer packing element that depends on pressure below the packing to effect a seal in the annulus. Used primarily to run or pull pipe under low or mederate pressures, this device is not dependable for high differential pressures. Also called a stripper.
pack off v. to place a packer in the wellbore and activate it so that it forms a seal between the tubing and the casing.
pack-off (stripper) preventer n: a preventer having a unit of packing material whose closure depends on well pressure coming from below. It is used primarily to strip pipe through the hole or allow pipe to be moved with pressure on the annulus.
pad n: I. a device on a logging tool that contacts the wellbore when the log is being taken. 2. fluid placed in a well to serve a special purpose. 3. a concrete foundation on which a drilling rig rests.
padding n: screened or sifted dirt, clean gravel, or foam placed in a ditch to protect pipe from damage caused by rocky or rough soils.
pad resistivity device n: a device (e.g., a minilog) designed to measure the resistivity of small volumes of formation near the borehole. It consists of three electrodes embedded in the centre of an insulated fluid- filled rubber pad that is held against the side of the borehole. The electrodes produce two curves-one 1.5 inches (3.8 centimetres) in depth and one 4 inches (10.2 centimetres) in depth. The separation between the two curves shows the difference in resistivity between the mud cake and the formation immediately behind the mud cake.
pad volume n: the amount of fluid placed in a well to serve as a pad. See also pad. paid-up lease n: an oil and gas lease for which all delay rentals are paid along with the cash bonus and on which no further action is required during the primary term. pair production n: I. the process in which a ray or wave reacts with the nucleus of an atom, converting the wave' s energy into mass to produce an electron and a positron. The positron immediately reacts with an electron within the radioactive material. In the inter action, two new gamma rays are produced with energy levels less dW1 half the original gamma ray. 2. the conversion of a photon into an electron and a positron when the photon traverses a strong electric field, such as that surrounding a nucleus or an electron.
packer n: a piece of downhole equipment that consists of a sealing device, a holding or setting device. and an inside passage for fluids. It is used to block the flow of fluids through the annular space between pipe and the wall of the wellbore by sealing off the space
between them. In
production, it is usually made up in the tubing string some distance above the producing zone. A packing element expands to prevent fluid flow except through the packer and tubing. Packers are classified according to configuration, use, and method of setting and whether or not they are retrievable (that is, whether they can be removed when necessary, or whether they must be milled or drilled out and thus destroyed).
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paleo- 149 PDC bit
paleo- comb form: ancient; early; long ago; primitive.
paleogeography n: geography of a specified geologic past.
paleontology n: the science that concerns the life of past geologic periods, especially fossil forms and the chronology of the earth. Paleozoic era n: a span of time from 600 million to 230 million years ago during which a great diversity of life forms developed. panel diagram n: a diagram of a block of earth in which a series of cross sections are joined and viewed obliquely from above, to give a three-dimensional view. It is useful ill showing how formation structure and Strtigraphic thickness vary both horizontally and vertically. Also called fence diagram. Pangaea n: the supercontinent comprising all of the principal continental masses near the beginning of the Mesozoic era.
paraffin n: a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon having the formula CnH2n+2 (e.g., methane, CH4; ethane, C2H6). Heavier paraffin hydrocarbons (i.e., C18H38) form a wax-like substance that is called paraffin. These heavier paraffins often accumulate on the walls of tubing and other production equipment, restricting or stopping the flow of the desirable lighter paraffins.
paraffin-base oil n: a crude oil characterised by a high API gravity, a high yield of low-octane gasoline, and a high yield of lubricating oil with a high pour point and a high viscosity index. Popularly, and according to an early classification system, a paraffin-base oil is a crude oil containing little or no asphalt and yielding a residue from distillation that contains paraffin wax. Compare naphthene-base oil.
paraffin-deposition interval (POI) n: an interval in the production tubing string where heavy paraffin hydrocarbons are deposited on the inside walls of the tubing. Below or above certain temperatures, depending on the characteristics of the paraffins, paraffin will not form.
paraffin hydrocarbon n: see paraffin. paraffin inhibitor n: a chemical that, when injected into the wellbore, prevents or minimises paraffin deposition.
paraffin scraper n: a tube with guides around it to keep it centered in the hole, and a cylindrical piece with blades attached. Spaces between the blades allow drilling fluid to pass through and carry away the scrapings.
paraffin wax n: a solid substance resembling beeswax but composed entirely of hydrocarbons. It is obtained from the crude wax that results from the solvent dewaxing or cold pressing of light paraffin distillates. The refined product is of relatively large crystalline structure, is white and brittle, and has little taste or odour.
parallel circuit n: a circuit with two or more paths through which the current flows. The total current equals the sum of the currents through the various paths; the voltage is the same throughout the circuit.
parallel flow n: see laminar flow.
paramagnitec adj: only slightly magnetic. Paramagnetic significant extent to a magnetic field. See diamagnetic, ferromagnetic.
parameters n pl: the values that characterise and summarise the essential features of measurements.
parol evidence n: evidence given verbally rather than in writing.
parted rods n pl: sucker rods that have been broken and separated in a pumping well because of corrosion, improper loading, damaged rods, and so forth.
partial immersion thermometer n: a thermometer with a specific length of the bulb and stem immersed the liquid and the scale above the surface for ease of reading. partial pressure n: the pressure exerted by one specific component of a gaseous mixture.
particle n: 1. one of the extremely small subdivisions of matter, as an atom or molecule. 2. a small quantity or fragment, as a single crystal or a substance that is made up of vast quantities of crystals. parts of line n pl: the number of times the drilling line is passed (reeved) between a rig's crown block and its traveling block. Typically, a line may have from four to 12 parts. In the case of a four-part line, the line is passed two times between the crown and travelling blocks; a 12-part line is passed six times between the two blocks. The greater the number of parts, the more weight the line able to support. Also called falls.
pascal (Pa) n: the SI metric unit of measurement for pressure and stress and a component in the measurement of viscosity. A pascal is equal to a force of 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre. passivation n: the process of rendering a metal surface chemically inactive, either by electrochemical polarisation or by contact with passivating agents.
passive margin n: an area that develops when a growing ocean basin causes continents to drift apart.
patch n: a material used to cover, fill up, or mend a hole or weak spot. A metal piece extending half-way around a pipe and welded to it is a half-sole patch. Two half- sole patches make a full-sole patch. patch tool n: see casing-patch tool.
patent n: in the case of land, an instrument by means of which a government transfers a fee simple estate to another party.
pawl n: notches or slots machined into the table part of a rotary table assembly into which a bar on the rotary table assembly's locking device fits to keep the table from turning. See rotary locking device, rotary table assembly.
pay n: see pay sand.
pay formation n: see pay sand.
paying quantity n: see commercial quantity. payout n: the point at which the operator of a well has recovered the costs of drilling, completing, and operating the well and can begin to show a profit.
pay sand n: the producing formation, often one that is not even sandstone. Also called pay, pay zone, and producing zone. pay string n: see production casing.
pay thickness n: an expression of the vertical height of the formation yielding hydrocarbons in commercial amounts. pay zone n: see pay sand.
PB abbr: plugged back; used in ports. PBR abbr: polished bore receptacle. PCB abbr: polychlorinated biphenyl. pcf abbr: pounds per cubic foot.
PDC abbr: polycrystalline diamond compact. PDC bit n: a special type of diamond drilling bit that does not use roller cones. Instead, polycrystalline diamond inserts are embedded into a matrix on the bit. PDC bits are often used to drill very hard, abrasive formations, but also find use in drilling medium and soft formations.
parallel strings n pl: in a multiple completion, the arrangement of a separate tubing string for each zone produced, with all zones isolated by packers.
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PDC log 150 perforating truck
PDC log abbr: perforating depth control log. P-
-P n: the difference in pressure, commonly referred to as between casing annulus and tubing.pm abbr: paraffin-deposition interval. PO meter n: positive-displacement meter. It measures the single-phase volume of gas or fluid by filling and emptying chambers of a specific volume.
POVSA abbr: Petro'leos de Venezuela S.A. peak polished rod load n: the highest load imposed on the polished rod throughout a complete sucker rod pump cycle.
Pearson holiday detector n: a holiday detector that checks for coating defects as well as for any metal debris near a buried pipe- line. See holiday.
peat n: an organic material that forms by the partial decomposition and disintegration of vegetation in tropical swamps and other wet, humid areas. It is believed to be the precursor of coal.
pebble puppy n: (slang) a field geologist's (or rock hound's) assistant.
peen n: a wedge or spherical-shaped end of a hammer head, which is usually opposite a flat face on the head. v: to enlarge, straighten, or smooth with a peen.
peening n: permanent distortion in the outer wires of a wire rope, often caused by the wire rope's pounding against a sheave or a machine member, or by heavy operating pressure between the wire rope and a sheave, the wire rope and a drum, or the wire rope and an adjacent wrap of rope. peg model n: an analog model of three dimensions used to study the structure and stratigraphy of a subsurface area. It is made by placing pegs of varying heights into a flat platform to represent the structural contours of strata.
PEL abbr: permissible exposure limit.
anchor chain and used to pull and lower the anchor. The ends of the pendant not on the anchor are attached to buoys on the surface of the water.
pendulum effect n: the tendency of the drill stem bit, drill collars, drill pipe, and kelly-to hang in a vertical position due to the force of gravity.
penetration rate n: see rate of penetration. Pennsylvanian period n: a geologic time period in the Paleozoic era, from 320 to 280 million years ago. Also, the latter part of the Carboniferous period. It was named for the outcrops of coal in Pennsylvania. pentane n: a liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, CsHI2'
pentane-plus n: a hydrocarbon mixture consisting mostly of normal pentane (CSHI2) and heavier components that are extracted from natural gas.
peptisation n: increased dispersion of sol- ids in a liquid caused by the addition of electrolytes or other chemical substances. See deftocculation, dispersion.
peptized clay n: a clay to which an agent has been added to increase its initial yield. per abbr; permeability; used in drilling reports. percentage chart n: a chart for reading differential and static pressures. Its readings reflect a percentage of full scale from 0 to 100 for both static and differential pressure. Readings must be converted, but can be used on any flow recorder, regardless of range.
percentage of proceeds (POP) contract n: a gas sales contract under which the buyer