La propuesta del Presidente Venustiano Carranza en 1916.

relationships which are likely to be highly significant, if related to

realistic radial RF patterns, for cancer at a wide range of body sites

including All Cancer, Leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Brain

Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Skin Melanoma, Male and

Female Breast Cancer and Colorectal Cancer. This is also consistent

with Robinette et al. (1980), Szmigielski (1996) and Milham (1985, 1988).

14.

Additional studies not cited by ICNIRP:

There is a large body of epidemiologic scientific literature that is relevant to the assessment of RF/MW exposures risk of cancer. Almost all of these studies have not been referenced in the WHO/UNEP/IRPA review, WHO (1993), that is cited by ICNIRP to be one of the "more detailed reviews". In fact the ICNIRP review covers more published studies than does the WHO/UNEP/IRPA review, but both ignore most of the published epidemiological studies. Three of the studies cited by WHO (1993) are omitted by ICNIRP. They are the case study by Archimbaud et al (1989), and Air Force Base studies of Lester and Moore (1982) and Lester (1985) and Amateur Radio Study of Milham (1985). WHO (1993) omits the Wichita Kansas Study of Lester and Moore (1982a) and the Operator Electrical Workers Study of Milham (1985) and the Amateur Radio Operators study, Milham (1988).

WHO (1993) and ICNIRP(1998) share many of the flawed methodological approaches and the assumption of the RF-thermal effect that the only RF/MW effect is heating of human tissues. The review teams were chaired by the same person during most of the 1990's, Dr Michael Repacholi.

WHO (1993) states that no significant effects were found in Lilienfeld et al. (1978). This has been proved here to be wrong. The U.S. Air Force Bases Studies are described as "contradictory" because Polson and Merritt (1985) correctly criticize Lester and Moore for relating cancer rates in counties to the existence of Air Force bases in those counties when many cities which are close to Air Force bases are in adjacent counties without Air Force bases. Lester (1985) adjusted the analysis accordingly and concludes:

"This strengthens the possibility of an association between some factor associated with AFBs - our original hypothesis was microwave radiation - and cancer incidence because we now explicitly recognize the use of the county containing the city nearest the base, which would be expected to be a truer indicator of the effect produced by some factor emanating from the base than would a county in which the base is situated but in which the nearest city is farther away."

WHO (1993) ignore the significance of the correction, which is in the same issue of the journal as the Polson and Merritt paper, revealing the bias towards dismissing evidence of effects.

WHO (1993) acknowledges that Szmigielski et al. (1988) and Archimbaud et al.(1989) show a relationship between RF/MW and increased risk of cancer, including Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia. In the case of Milham (1985) the increase in Leukaemia is acknowledged. However, the result is questioned because it is noted that many of the Amateur radio operators are also employed in the "Electrical Industries". Hence they are exposed to PCBs, solvents, fumes, and 50/60 Hz magnetic fields and not 300Hz-300GHz radiation. This claim is challenged by evidence which supports the EMR Spectrum Principle because many ELF drive appliances also emit RF/MW radiation which is much more electrobiological active.

The overall WHO (1993) conclusions include the statements:

"In summary, the epidemiological and comparative clinical studies do not provide clear evidence of detrimental health effects in humans from exposure to RF fields". And

"The question of whether RF might act as a carcinogen should be further evaluated in epidemiological studies."

This question could have been somewhat resolved if the studies cited had been more appropriately interpreted and if the associated studies that were omitted had been included.

Lester and Moore (1982a) is their initial study which tested the hypothesis that radar might increase the risk of cancer by noting that Wichita Kansas had radar sets on Air Force Bases on two opposite sides of Wichita. The tested the hypothesis by separating populations which were exposed to no radar signals, living in valleys, one radar signal, on one or other hill slope, and two radar signals by living on ridges. The cancer incidences are 303, 429 and 470 per 100,000 (1.00:1.42:1.55). The dose-response association persisted through age, sex, race and socio-economic adjustments.

Dr Sam Milham's two other studies not cited in WHO (1993) are Milham (1985a), a large study of Electrical Workers in Washington, and Milham (1988) and updated Amateur Radio Study covering California and Washington.

Milham (1988) studied 67,829 amateur radio operators in Washington State and California. He concludes "The all-cause standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 71 but a statistically significant increased mortality was seen for cancers of the other lymphatic tissues (SMR = 162), a rubric which includes multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. The all leukemia SMR was slightly elevated but not significant (SMR = 124). However, mortality from acute myeloid leukemia was significantly elevated (SMR = 176). Elevated cancer rates were found for Esophagus, SMR = 113 (71-172); Large Intestine, SMR = 111 (89-137); Prostate, SMR = 114 (90-142); Brain, SMR = 139 (93-200), Lymphoma + Leukaemia, SMR = 123 (99-152); Hodgkin's Disease, SMR = 123 (40-288); Leukaemia, SMR = 124 (87-172) and Other Lymphatic Tissue, SMR = 162 (117-218). Milham (1985a) studied cancer rates in 486,000 adult male workers who were in occupations in Washington State which had potential exposures to electromagnetic fields. This showed elevated and significantly elevated cancer rates in many body organs. The results are summarized in Table 22.

Table 22: Summary of all site cancers from Robinette et al. (1980), using AT/ET except for Brain cancer (FT/ET), Milham (1985a), Szmigielski (1996) and for Dolk (1997a,b) using the maximum and/or significant result in the radial patterns.

Robinette Milham Szmigielski Dolk(a) Dolk(b)

Exposure Regime RF/MW Mixed RF/MW RF/MW RF/MW

High Mod. High Low Low

Relationship RR PMR RR O/E O/E

Sample Size(N) 202 2649 55,500 17409 13372

Symptoms

All Malignant Neoplasms 1.66* 106** 2.07* 1.20*

Esophageal and Stomach 3.24**

Respiratory Tract, Lung 1.75 114** 1.06

Colorectal/ bladder (1) 3.19** 1.36/1.76 1.10 Liver, pancreas 117* 1.47 Skin, Melanoma 2.66 1.67* 2.39* 1.11 Thyroid 1.54 Brain, CNS (2) 2.39 143** 1.91* 1.31 1.06 Leukaemia 2.22* 136* 6.31*** 1.74* 1.15 Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma 164** 5.82*** 1.30*

Acute Leukaemia (Lympho) 162** 5.75* 3.57 1.04

Acute Myeloblastic Leuk. 8.62*** 1.02 1.17

Chronic Myelocytic Leuk. 13.90*** 1.23

Chronic Lymphoblastic Leuk 3.68** 2.56* 1.20

p-values: * <0.05; ** <0.01; *** <0.001

Note (1): Colorectal for Szmigielski and the left Dolk(a) and bladder for the right Dolk(a) and Dolk(b).

Note (2): In Milham 16 of the unspecified neoplasms were brain tumors which have been added to this group.

Table 22 shows a great deal of consistency between several large