Normativa Española para la representación en la Nueva España.

Adey (1979) contains evidence of other windows for ELF induced Ca2+ efflux in chick and cat brains, e.g. 5, 10, 56 and 100 V/m (Figure 8), and other microwave intensity windows for Ca2+ influx and efflux. The field intensity and modulation frequency were shown to be important parameters in EMR causing Ca2+ efflux.

Figure 8: The effects of extremely low frequency fields on 45Ca2+ efflux from chick forebrain, for ELF fields of 5, 10, 56 and 100 V/m. * : p<0.05; **:p<0.01, Bawin and Adey (1976).

Figure 9 shows significant Ca2+ efflux with exposure intensity at 0.05, 0.1 and 1 mW/cm2, but not at 2 and 5 mW/cm2 with a 450 MHz carrier. Particular higher exposures do not have the same significant effects as lower specific exposures, indicating that this is a non-thermal mechanism.

Figure 9: Effects of changing intensity of 450 MHz field amplitude modulated 16 Hz as efflux of 45Ca2+ from chick cerebral hemispheres. Cross-hatched bars show levels of efflux exposed specimens in relation to control specimens (stripped bars) tested simultaneously in the same experiments. Variance is shown as SEMs **, p<0.05.

Adey (1979) reviews a large body of research on the Neurophysiologic effects of RF/MW radiation. This included the human biometeorological research on circadian rhythms in human subjects isolated from sunlight and EMR; their own work on altered monkey behaviour with a tissue gradient of 10-7 V/m and other animal behaviour experiments. It also covered cellular evidence including Ca2+ _{flux experiments on cats and chick brains.}

These show that ionic changes in amplitude modulated RF/MW fields are much more related to modulation frequency than intensity of signal. Often higher effects are seen at lower exposure intensities than some higher intensities - in windows.

It was established very early on that an ELF signal carried on a RF carrier produced altered cellular Ca2+ fluxes, as the ELF signal on its own, but with a very much higher induced tissue electric field gradient, Bawin and Adey (1976), Figure 10.

Significant effects occur in fields that are too low to produce any detectable thermal effects. In great frustration at the intransigence of the position held by scientists who doggedly claim that there is only evidence of thermal effects. Professor Adey concludes:

"Faced with the overwhelming complexity of the brain as a tissue and as the organ of the mind, physical scientists and medical researchers alike have all too often retreated shamelessly into classicisms and the argots of their respective trades. Too many physicists and engineers cling desperately to thermal models as the alpha and omega of bioeffects from non-ionizing radiofrequency fields, shunning the exquisite beauty of long-range molecular interactions and resonant processes in biological macromolecules."

"True science can never be a popularity contest. The time has surely come when we should place these scholasticisms of another age in a proper context, counting ourselves thrice blessed at the prospect that through the use of non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation as a research tool, the intrinsic organization of the brain tissue, the subtleties of neuroendocrine phenomena and the broad sweep of immunological interactions may at last be understood in terms of transductive coupling at the molecular level."

Figure 10: Relative Ca2+ efflux (positive and negative) from isolated chick cerebral hemisphere exposed to (A) weak RF field (147 MHz, 0.8 mW/cm2, 56 V/m in air), amplitude modulated at low frequencies (abscissa) (Bawin et al. (1975) and (B) ELF electric field (56 V/m in air) over the same modulation frequency range, Adey (1988). The tissue gradients differ by 106 between A and B.

Dr Adey was basing his insights on a fascination with discovering how neurological tissue operated and how it was altered in extremely low level RF/MW and ELF fields. The current world leader in Ca2+ efflux research is Dr Carl Blackman of the U.S.E.P.A. Blackman has replicated and significantly extended the studies carried out by Dr Adey's group and other groups. Dr Blackman has produced over 2 dozen peer-reviewed publications in this area, including several major reviews.

Blackman et al. (1989) identified multiple power density windows for Ca2+ efflux, using a 50 MHz carrier modulated at 16 Hz. Their results, using units of mW/cm2_{, are}

summarized as follows:

No change 0.75 2.30 4.50 5.85 7.08 8.19 8.66 10.6 14.7 Enhanced efflux 1.75 3.85 5.57 6.82 7.65 7.77 8.82

The intensity window data was considered as an example of non-linear dynamics because there appears to be no progressive decline in the magnitude of the effects at low exposure intensities. This data is consistent with a fractal process with a non-integer dimension which is approximately 1.4, Blackman et al. (1989).

The lowest published RF intensity that has been documented to produce significant Ca2+ efflux is 0.00015 W/kg from Schwartz et al. (1990). They used frog hearts, exposed for 30 mins, to a 16Hz modulated 240 MHz RF signal. This has an exposure intensity of about 0.4µW/cm2_.

Blackman's group confirmed and significantly extended the "windows" concept of Ca2+ efflux, as well as aspects of homeostasis, involving tissue temperature for example. Figure 11 shows how modulation frequencies out to 510 Hz produce significant Ca2+ efflux at some frequencies, but not at other frequencies on either side.

Figure 11: Effect of 15 Vrms/m electromagnetic fields on the efflux of Ca2+ from chicken

brain tissue as a function of modulation frequency, Blackman et al. (1988). The solid bars show significant alteration, p<0.05.

Blackman et al. (1990) showed the importance of the local static magnetic field and Blackman et al. (1991) showed that Ca2+ efflux occurred for tissue temperatures of 36 and 27 °C and not at 35 and 38°C. They comment that these could be very good reasons why experimental outcomes have been difficult to confirm in some laboratories.

After reviewing the many studies in the published literature on EMR induced Ca2+ efflux. Blackman (1990) concludes:

"Taken together, the evidence overwhelmingly indicates that electric and magnetic fields can alter normal calcium ion homeostasis and lead to changes in the response of biological systems to their environment".

Blackman (1990) concludes that calcium ion efflux/influx is an established biological effect of EMR exposure. The variable nature of the response, as indicated by complex exposure 'windows', indicates that EMR acts like chemicals (plural) rather than acting like a single chemical Blackman (1998). Because modulation frequencies are critically involved, and low intensity exposures are observed under some circumstances to produce greater effects than some higher exposure conditions, resonant interactive processes are indicated and heating is definitely not involved except to establish a homeostatic range.

6.3 Health implications of induced alterations in calcium ion homeostasis: