La "revolución lingüística" en Turquía

Terrorism with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators is the most referred minority issue in headlines (n=35). In most cases, the appraisal used in relation to this minority issue is negative (69%), although there are instances of positive (20%), ambivalent (3%), and no appraisal at all (9%). In Broadsheets (22 out of 35 cases) mentions of this minority issue are in more than half of the cases with negative appraisal (55%), but there is a significant percentage of positive appraisal instances too (32%). In Tabloids (13 out of 35 cases) references to this minority issue in headlines are almost always negative (93%), and never positive (0%).

The issue of Racism & Xenophobia (n=14) referred to in headlines is usually mentioned with a positive appraisal (71%), although there are instances of negative appraisal (14%). In Broadsheet headlines (9 out of 14 cases), this minority issue is mostly referred to in positive terms (89%), while in Tabloid ones (5 out of 14 cases), positive appraisal is only used in more than one third of the cases (40%), with the percentage being the same for instances of negative appraisal.

Political decisions and debates on regulations for minorities and migrants (n=14) is usually referred to in headlines with a positive appraisal (43%); there are also instances of neutral (21%), ambiguous (21%) and negative appraisal (14%). There is no big divergence between the appraisal of Broadsheet (9 out of 14) and Tabloid headlines (5 out of 14).

Discrimination by public bodies & institutions (n=10) mentions in the headline usually related to an Explicit positive appraisal (40%), but also related to some significance related to no appraisal at all (30%), Ambiguous appraisal (20%) and negative appraisal (10%). Most of the cases belong to Broadsheets (9 out of 10) and the only mention in headlines of this minority issue in Tabloids is related to Explicit positive appraisal.

The minority issue of Immigration (n=15) is most referred to without any appraisal in newspaper headlines (40%), but the percentage of headlines with negative appraisal (33%) is also significant. Positive appraisal is only used in 7% of the cases. In Broadsheet headlines (10 out of 15 cases), half of the instances fall into the no appraisal category (50%), while in Tabloid headlines (5 out of 15 cases), almost half of the sample uses negative appraisal (40%), compared to the 30% negative appraisal in Broadsheet headlines.

The topic of Claims of minorities for a (territorial, cultural or religious) legal status (n=15) is in almost half of the cases of newspaper headlines referred to in positive terms (47%). No appraisal is used in 27% of the cases, and Ambiguous and Negative appraisal are present in 13% of the cases, respectively. Most of the cases can be found in Broadsheets (13 out of 15) and the two mentions in the Tabloids are equally distributed between positive and negative appraisal (one entry each).

The minority issue of Violence & Crime with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators (n=12) is in three-quarters of the headlines referred to negatively (75%); this issue is never appraised positively, in 17% of the cases there is no appraisal at all and in 8% Ambivalent appraisal. In Broadsheets (7 out of 12) more than half of the headlines give negative appraisal (57%), while in Tabloids (5 out of 12) all headlines have negative appraisal.

Eighty percent (80%) of the articles whose headlines refer to the minority issue of Terrorism with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators belong to the Terrorism thematic area. The percentage for Tabloids is higher than that for Broadsheets (100% TBL vs. 68% BRS), whereas Broadsheet articles with such headlines also tend to fall within the War thematic area (32% BRS). At the same time, 87% of the articles with headlines referring to Immigration are related to the Immigration thematic area. In Broadsheets, all articles with headline references to this minority issue focus on the Immigration thematic area, whereas in Tabloids there is more variety, with one entry

related to Celebrity and another to the thematic area of Travelling, Lifestyle, Cars, Pets, Health & Food.

Forty percent (40%) of the articles whose headlines refer to the minority issue of Claims of minorities for a (territorial, cultural or religious) legal status belong to the Politics thematic area, but there is also a significantly high percentage of articles, 20%, that fall into the thematic area of Freedom of opinion & speech. Most of the cases belong to Broadsheets (13 out of 15), where the general tendency is consistent, whereas in Tabloids (2 out of 15 cases), one of the articles is related to the Politics thematic area and another to the Social conflicts thematic area.

Half of the articles whose headlines refer to the minority issue of Racism & Xenophobia fall into the Thematic area of Manifestations of racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, 21% in Sports and 14% in the Equality in society (including gender equality). Tabloids relate the minority issue to the Sports thematic area more frequently than Broadsheets do (40% TBL vs. 11% BRS), whereas Broadsheets focus more on the area of Equality in society (including gender equality) than Tabloids do (22% BRS vs. 0% TBL)

Forty-three percent (43%) of the articles whose headlines mention Political decisions and debates on regulations for minorities and migrants fall into the Politics thematic area, followed by 14% in the Immigration thematic area (14%). The general trend is more or less replicated in Broadsheets and Tabloids.

Fifty-eight percent (58%) of the articles with headlines referring to the minority issue of Violence & Crime with minorities as (presumed) threat or perpetrators fall into the Violence & Crime (incl. court news, drugs, police news, prison, riots) thematic area. The trend is more or less replicated in the two types of paper; corresponding distribution between Broadsheets and Tabloids is 43% vs. 80%, respectively (the remaining percentages being statistically insignificant).

Articles whose headlines refer to Discrimination by public bodies & institutions mentions in the headline are equally distributed among several thematic areas: Manifestations of racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia (20%) and Religion (20%). Most of the cases can be found in Broadsheets (9 out of 10) and the only instance in Tabloids belongs to the thematic area of Manifestations of racism, antisemitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia.