Tiendas deSupermercad
4. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS
A. Basic Requirement
A 1A 10000 MMaatteerriiaallss 101
101 The materials applied shall be in compliance with The materials applied shall be in compliance with Sec.2Sec.2 or relevant recognised code or standard.
or relevant recognised code or standard.
102
102 Materials with low heat resistance shall not be appliedMaterials with low heat resistance shall not be applied where a fire may
where a fire may cause unacceptable consequences of damage,cause unacceptable consequences of damage, such as collapse, outflow of flammable fluids etc.
such as collapse, outflow of flammable fluids etc.
Non-metallic materials shall be flame-retardant in accordance Non-metallic materials shall be flame-retardant in accordance with recognised standard.
with recognised standard.
A 20
A 2000 ArrArrangangemeement ant and gnd geneeneral ral desdesign ign of cof compoomponennentsts and equipment
and equipment 201
201 All components in a system shall All components in a system shall be adequately matchedbe adequately matched with regard to strength, capacity and functional performance. with regard to strength, capacity and functional performance.
202
202 Relative movements due to load variations, thermal ex-Relative movements due to load variations, thermal ex- pansion, misalignment, vibration and interaction from founda- pansion, misalignment, vibration and interaction from founda- tions shall be allowed to avoid detrimental effects.
tions shall be allowed to avoid detrimental effects.
203
203 Bolts and nuts exposed to dynamic forces and vibrationsBolts and nuts exposed to dynamic forces and vibrations shall be properly secured or pre-stressed.
shall be properly secured or pre-stressed.
204
204 All operational equipment shall be arranged for easy ac-All operational equipment shall be arranged for easy ac- cess. Components and equipment normally subject to inspec- cess. Components and equipment normally subject to inspec- tion and maintenance shall be installed so as to provide easy tion and maintenance shall be installed so as to provide easy access.
access.
205
205 Arrangement for adequate lubrication of bearings andArrangement for adequate lubrication of bearings and gears shall be provided.
gears shall be provided.
206
206 All means of access shall be of a permanent nature andAll means of access shall be of a permanent nature and have to be considered in each case with due respect to type of have to be considered in each case with due respect to type of crane and its intended service.
crane and its intended service.
207
207 Protection against rain, sea-spray, snow, ice and sandProtection against rain, sea-spray, snow, ice and sand shall be provided (essential for brakes, clutches etc.). Provi- shall be provided (essential for brakes, clutches etc.). Provi- sions shall be made to prevent accumulation of water in any sions shall be made to prevent accumulation of water in any construction. Rapid drainage is to
construction. Rapid drainage is to be ensured.be ensured.
208
208 Crane seatings and their supporting structures shall be of Crane seatings and their supporting structures shall be of rigid design. As far as relevant tolerances of travelling cranes rigid design. As far as relevant tolerances of travelling cranes and gantry cranes and their tracks shall at least comply with and gantry cranes and their tracks shall at least comply with FEM/I regulations. Tolerances of mating surfaces of seatings FEM/I regulations. Tolerances of mating surfaces of seatings shall meet the standard required by the manufacturer of the shall meet the standard required by the manufacturer of the slewing ring and general engineering standards.
slewing ring and general engineering standards.
209
209 Cranes shall be arranged with emergency escape in ad-Cranes shall be arranged with emergency escape in ad- dition to the main access. Portable escape equipment may be dition to the main access. Portable escape equipment may be accepted.
accepted.
A
A 330000 VVeennttiillaattiioonn 301
301 Forced ventilation (heating/cooling) shall be provided -Forced ventilation (heating/cooling) shall be provided - when necessary - to ensure inside temperatures within the when necessary - to ensure inside temperatures within the range required by Sec.l D101.
range required by Sec.l D101.
302
302 Higher temperatures inside cubicles, desks etc. will beHigher temperatures inside cubicles, desks etc. will be accepted provided installed equipment is regarded as suitable accepted provided installed equipment is regarded as suitable for such higher temperature.
for such higher temperature.
303
303 Verification of temperature and final acceptance shall beVerification of temperature and final acceptance shall be based on loads and operational sequence relevant to the lifting based on loads and operational sequence relevant to the lifting appliance.
appliance.
Figure 1 Figure 1
Wire rope fleet angles Wire rope fleet angles
A
A 440000 SSttrreennggtthh 401
401 The strength of components and equipment shall gene-The strength of components and equipment shall gene- rally be in compliance with D
rally be in compliance with D and E of Sec.3. Specific require-and E of Sec.3. Specific require- ments for some important components are given in the ments for some important components are given in the following. Recognised codes and standards may be applied as following. Recognised codes and standards may be applied as a supplement to this Standard for Certification.
a supplement to this Standard for Certification.
402
402 If acceptable accuracy cannot be obtained by strengthIf acceptable accuracy cannot be obtained by strength calculations, special tests may be required for determination of calculations, special tests may be required for determination of the strength of a design.
the strength of a design.
B. Components
B. Components
B 1B 10000 WWiinncchheess 101
101 For design of the support of the winch to its foundation,For design of the support of the winch to its foundation, relevant forces from crane operations are understood to having relevant forces from crane operations are understood to having been evaluated at their maximum.
been evaluated at their maximum.
102
102 The direction of motion of the operating devices shall beThe direction of motion of the operating devices shall be such that the load is raised by clockwise movement of a hand- such that the load is raised by clockwise movement of a hand- wheel or crank handle, or alternatively movement of a
wheel or crank handle, or alternatively movement of a hand-le-hand-le- ver towards the operator.
ver towards the operator.
103
103 The operating device shall be arranged to return auto-The operating device shall be arranged to return auto- matically to the braking position when the
matically to the braking position when the operator releases theoperator releases the control. However, for offshore crane applications – in constant control. However, for offshore crane applications – in constant tension and active heave compensation modus – the brake shall tension and active heave compensation modus – the brake shall remain off when the operator releases the control.
remain off when the operator releases the control.
B
B 220000 DDrruummss 201
201 Drum diameters shall be determined with due respect tDrum diameters shall be determined with due respect t o:o: —
— tytype pe of of rereeveviningg —
— ststatate oe of lof loadadiningg —
— dadaily ily opopereratatining tig timeme
and shall be suitable for the selected steel wire rope, as directed and shall be suitable for the selected steel wire rope, as directed by the rope manufacturer.
by the rope manufacturer. The ratio D
The ratio Dpp /d shall normally not be less than 18 where /d shall normally not be less than 18 where D
Dpp== pipitch tch diadiamemeteter or of df drurumm d
202
202 As far as practicable and suitable for the arrangement,As far as practicable and suitable for the arrangement, drums shall be designed with a length sufficient to reel up the drums shall be designed with a length sufficient to reel up the rope in not more than 3 layers.
rope in not more than 3 layers.
More than 3 layers may be accepted if the wire rope has an More than 3 layers may be accepted if the wire rope has an in-in- dependent wire rope core (IWRC) and one of the following dependent wire rope core (IWRC) and one of the following conditions is complied with:
conditions is complied with: —
— spospoolioling dng devievice ice is prs proviovidedded —
— drdrum um is is grgroooovevedd —
— fleefleet ant angle igle is res restrstricticted ted to 2°o 2° —
— spsplilit drt drum ium is ars arrarangngeded —
— sepseparaarate trte tractaction dion drum is frum is fittitted.ed.
However, when the number of layers exceeds 7, special con- However, when the number of layers exceeds 7, special con- sideration and approval will be required.
sideration and approval will be required.
203
203 For all operating conditions, the distance between theFor all operating conditions, the distance between the centre of the top layer of
centre of the top layer of the wire rope on the drum and the wire rope on the drum and the out-the out- er edge of the drum flanges shall be at least 2.5 times the diam- er edge of the drum flanges shall be at least 2.5 times the diam- eter of the wire rope, except in the cases where wire rope eter of the wire rope, except in the cases where wire rope guards are fitted to prevent over spilling of the wir
guards are fitted to prevent over spilling of the wir e.e.
Guidance note: Guidance note:
It is advised that the drums have grooves to accept the rope. It is advised that the drums have grooves to accept the rope. Where a grooved rope drum is used the drum diameter shall be Where a grooved rope drum is used the drum diameter shall be measured to the bottom of the rope groove. To avoid climbing of measured to the bottom of the rope groove. To avoid climbing of the rope on the grooves the angles
the rope on the grooves the anglesα α 11andandα α 22shall not exceed 4°,shall not exceed 4°, see Fig.1. The groove shall be smooth. Advised radius of groove see Fig.1. The groove shall be smooth. Advised radius of groove is 0.53 d (d = nominal rope diameter) and should be between is 0.53 d (d = nominal rope diameter) and should be between 0.52d < r < 0.57d.
0.52d < r < 0.57d.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e--- 204
204 Drums shall either be fabricated from steel plates or beDrums shall either be fabricated from steel plates or be castings.
castings.
Ferritic nodular cast iron with minimum elongation (A
Ferritic nodular cast iron with minimum elongation (A55) 10%) 10% may be accepted. By special consideration a lower elongation may be accepted. By special consideration a lower elongation may be acceptable. Impact testing of ferritic nodular cast iron may be acceptable. Impact testing of ferritic nodular cast iron will for this application be waived.
will for this application be waived.
205
205 Drums shall be checked with respect to their overallDrums shall be checked with respect to their overall equilibrium situation and beam action, with the maximum rope equilibrium situation and beam action, with the maximum rope tension acting in the most unfavourable position. The effect of tension acting in the most unfavourable position. The effect of support forces, overall bending, shear and torsion shall be con- support forces, overall bending, shear and torsion shall be con- sidered. The rope tension shall in this case include any ampli- sidered. The rope tension shall in this case include any ampli- fying coefficient and the dynamic factor
fying coefficient and the dynamic factor ψ ψ . If more. If more unfavourable however, the situation with forces directly de- unfavourable however, the situation with forces directly de- pendent upon motor or brake action shall be considered. pendent upon motor or brake action shall be considered.
206
206 The drum barrel shall be designed to withstand the sur-The drum barrel shall be designed to withstand the sur- face pressure acting on it due to maximum number of wind- face pressure acting on it due to maximum number of wind- ings. The rope is assumed to be spooled under maximum ings. The rope is assumed to be spooled under maximum uniform rope tension. Maximum uniform rope tension means uniform rope tension. Maximum uniform rope tension means the tension due to safe
the tension due to safe working load without taken into accountworking load without taken into account the amplification factors and dynamic factor. If the rope ten- the amplification factors and dynamic factor. If the rope ten- sion varies systematically, such as when an object is lifted sion varies systematically, such as when an object is lifted from bottom and out of water, this variation shall be
from bottom and out of water, this variation shall be taken intotaken into account.
account.
207
207 Unless comprehensive tests justify a lower value, theUnless comprehensive tests justify a lower value, the hoop stress in the barrel shall not be taken less than
hoop stress in the barrel shall not be taken less than
σ
σ hh == hoohoop stp stresress in ds in drum brum barrearrell S
S == mamaxximimum um rropope te teensnsiion on unundeder sr sppoooolilingng p
p == pipitctch oh of rf ropope ge groroovioving ng (t(the he didiststanance ce bebetwtweeeen rn ropopeses,, centre to centre, within one layer)
centre to centre, within one layer) ttavav == averaaverage wage wall thill thicknesckness of s of drum bdrum barrelarrel C
C == 1 1 ffoor r 1 1 llaayyeerr =
= 1.75 fo1.75 for two layer two layers and abrs and above, for noove, for non-LeBun-LeBus groovs grooveded drums
drums =
= 1.75 fo1.75 for two layr two layers, liners, linearly iearly increancreasing to 3.sing to 3.0 for 5 lay0 for 5 lay-- ers and
ers and above, for LeBus above, for LeBus grooved drums. grooved drums. However,However, lower factors may be applied provided thoroughly doc- lower factors may be applied provided thoroughly doc- umented.
umented.
The calculated hoop stress
The calculated hoop stress σ σ hhshall not exceed 85% of the ma-shall not exceed 85% of the ma- terial yield stress.
terial yield stress.
208
208 The drum flanges shall be designed for an outward pres-The drum flanges shall be designed for an outward pres- sure corresponding to the necessary support of the windings sure corresponding to the necessary support of the windings near the drum ends. Unless a lower pressure is justified by near the drum ends. Unless a lower pressure is justified by tests, the pressure is assumed to be linearly increasing from tests, the pressure is assumed to be linearly increasing from zero at the top layer to a maximum value of
zero at the top layer to a maximum value of
near the barrel surface. (The pressure p
near the barrel surface. (The pressure pbbacting on the barrelacting on the barrel surface is assumed to be three times this value. D is the outer surface is assumed to be three times this value. D is the outer diameter of the barrel.)
diameter of the barrel.)
It is assumed proper spooling, avoiding
It is assumed proper spooling, avoiding cutting/burying of thecutting/burying of the wire rope in the underlying layers. Additional forces due to wire rope in the underlying layers. Additional forces due to cutting/burying of the wire rope are not taken into account in cutting/burying of the wire rope are not taken into account in the above specified calculation method. Further, wire rope the above specified calculation method. Further, wire rope crushing is not covered.
crushing is not covered.
B
B 330000 BBrraakkeess 301
301 Automatic braking systems shall be arranged and shallAutomatic braking systems shall be arranged and shall be activated when the operating device is brought to zero or be activated when the operating device is brought to zero or braking position However, for offshore crane applications, ref braking position However, for offshore crane applications, ref 103.
103.
For lifting of persons, see Sec.6 A700. For lifting of persons, see Sec.6 A700.
302
302 Brake mechanisms shall be so designed that the brakesBrake mechanisms shall be so designed that the brakes are activated upon failure of the power drive or the control sys- are activated upon failure of the power drive or the control sys- tem. Means shall, however, be provided for overriding such tem. Means shall, however, be provided for overriding such systems at any time.
systems at any time.
303
303 Braking systems shall be such as not to introduce shock Braking systems shall be such as not to introduce shock loads.
loads.
304
304 Brakes shall preferably act directly on the Brakes shall preferably act directly on the drum. Wheredrum. Where a brake is arranged in front of a transmission, the components a brake is arranged in front of a transmission, the components in the transmission subjected to loads due to braking shall be in the transmission subjected to loads due to braking shall be designed to comply with the requirements to strength of the designed to comply with the requirements to strength of the brake itself.
brake itself.
Brakes for offshore cranes shall also follow the requirements Brakes for offshore cranes shall also follow the requirements as specified in Sec.6 A513, i.e. redundancy in case of breakage as specified in Sec.6 A513, i.e. redundancy in case of breakage in the gear transmission.
in the gear transmission.
305
305 Brakes shall exert a torque not less than 80% in excessBrakes shall exert a torque not less than 80% in excess of the maximum torque on the brake caused by the loads being of the maximum torque on the brake caused by the loads being regarded as static loads. If
regarded as static loads. If the dynamic factor exceeds 1.8, thethe dynamic factor exceeds 1.8, the braking capacity shall be increased accordingly. The lowest braking capacity shall be increased accordingly. The lowest expected coefficient of friction for the brake lining with due expected coefficient of friction for the brake lining with due consideration to service conditions (humidity, grease, etc.) consideration to service conditions (humidity, grease, etc.) shall be applied in the design calculation of braking torque shall be applied in the design calculation of braking torque capacity, but this coefficient of friction shall not be taken high- capacity, but this coefficient of friction shall not be taken high- er than 0.3.
er than 0.3.
306
306 Automatic braking is assumed to be obtained by a springAutomatic braking is assumed to be obtained by a spring force (or equivalent) and that the brake is released by hydrau- force (or equivalent) and that the brake is released by hydrau- lic, pneumatic or electric means. The spring for
lic, pneumatic or electric means. The spring for ce shall be suchce shall be such that the braking torque capacity required by 305 will be ob- that the braking torque capacity required by 305 will be ob- tained.
tained.
Particulars of spring performance shall be submitted.