Configuración de las Android Virtual Device (AVD).
C. Lenguaje de programación creado en 1972 por Thompson y Dennis M Ritchie Es apreciado por la eficiencia del código que produce y es el lenguaje de
Industries and M anufacturing
Pakist an’s indust ry is show ing signs of improvement aft er t aking a hit during t he global economic dow nt urn of 2008-09. The follow ing reforms are suggest ed t o boost t he recovery process t hat lead t o grow t h not only in t he Large Scale M anufact uring and Indust ry Sect or but also in t he overall economy.
Amending t he legal framew ork (Fert iliser Policy 2001, Text ile Policy 2009-10 and t he St rat egic Trade Policy Framew ork 2009-2014, et c) t o change t he nat ure of subsidies and include st rat egies for improvement and promot ion of different sub-sect ors, especially t hose wit h higher value-added out put s (e.g. in t ext iles)
Improving infrast ruct ure t o guarant ee unint errupt ed nat ural gas and elect ricit y supply t o t he indust ries
Inst it ut ing effect ive monit oring by t he Compet it ion Commission of Pakist an t o reduce chances of collusion or hoarding in t he market
Adopt ing a consist ent import policy and applying appropriat e import dut ies; i.e. t here needs t o be a clear difference in t he import dut ies of CBUs of 1500 cc cars (more expensive cars)and 800- 1000 cc cars (w hich are demanded by t he general public) so as t o cat er t o t he grow ing demand in t he middle-income segmentAgricultural and Rural M arkets
The major goal of agricult ural reform is t o promot e efficient funct ioning of market s t o improve bot h product ivit y as w ell as profit abilit y. The role of t he government needs t o be limit ed w hile t he role of t he privat e sect or needs t o be expanded.
Privat e Sect or Involvement
Wit h t he agricult ure market s being under t he government cont rol, t hey suffer from low development and lack of involvement from small privat e farmers. The Agricult ure Produce M arket s Act 1939 affect s small farmers more t han t he big landlords and as such reduces development at t he low er-income levels. The M inist ry of Food and Agricult ure should focus on repealing t he Agricult ure Produce M arket s Act and replacing it w it h a more updat ed ordinance t hat allow s small privat e farmers t o sell t heir produce direct ly. This w ill prove beneficial in eradicat ing povert y in rural areas and developing rural market s.
The Punjab Agricult ural Depart ment is in t he process of updat ing it s Agricult ural M arket ing Act and has present ed t he lat est draft of t he Punjab Agricult ural Produce M arket ing Act 2010 t o t he Chief M inist er of Punjab. The act is aimed t ow ards t he development and modernisat ion of agricult ure produce market ing and market s in t he province. A high-level commit t ee has been set up and is in t he process of draft ing recommendat ions.
Int eract ion bet w een urban and rural areas w ill lead t o bet t er developed rural market s. Bet t er farm- market roads and t elecommunicat ion syst ems can help promot e not only t he w elfare of t he rural populat ion but also t ap int o rural areas as market s since majorit y of t he Pakist ani populat ion resides t here. Alt hough many roads link urban and rural areas, bet t er t ransport at ion syst ems could be made available t o t ransport farmers and t heir produce t o urban areas w here a larger market for t heir produce exist s. Wit h bet t er t ransport at ion, t he bazaars for agricult ural product s held t hree t imes a w eek could be made more frequent . Urban businesses can also look t o expand in rural areas if bet t er communicat ion met hods are available.
St orage Unit s
Given t he perishable nat ure of agricult ure produce, st orage unit s are essent ial t o help facilit at e rural and agricult ure market s. Cold st orage unit s can preserve t he produce and dispense w it h t he need t o have it brought direct ly from t he farms every day. This can expedit e t he rural t o urban movement of agricult ure produce, st rengt hening rural market s. Farmers can also be t rained in proper packaging of produce t o reduce w ast e and t o prevent damage during t ransport at ion.
Deregulat e Agricult ural M arket s
This has been init iat ed t hrough t he ‘Pakist an M ercant ile Exchange’ on w hich, out of t he agricult ural product s, IRRI rice has been list ed so far. Sugar is aw ait ing final approval from SECP, and is expect ed t o st art t rading very soon. Wheat , maize, Basmat i rice and cot t on are also expect ed t o st art t rading soon. This process should be furt her st rengt hened and t he government must gradually exit from regular commodit y operat ions.
Securit y
Since rural areas have a more informal judicial set up as w ell as a more relaxed policing syst em, most rural businesses face securit y issues. St ores oft en face t he possibilit y of being pilfered and/ or t aken over by pow erful locals. Losses due t o t heft are est imat ed at around 2 per cent of sales, w hereas global figure is closer t o 1 per cent .94 As such, t o ensure t he success of a business, proper policing measures have t o be enforced in rural areas.
Trading Processes
Int ernat ional t rade is import ant for a t hriving domest ic market . Foreign t rade brings in compet ition, improving qualit y and variet y of goods available t o consumers. How ever, t o ‘prot ect ’ t he local indust ry, Pakist an at t imes engages in import subst it ut ion policies w hich increase t he dut ies and regulat ion on import ed it ems t o ensure t hat domest ic indust ries do not suffer. Clot hing, leat her it ems and dairy product s all have cust om dut ies ranging 25-35 per cent .95 Alt hough Pakist an has been act ively t rying t o promot e export s, t here are st ill many regulat ions t hat could be rat ionalised in order t o reduce t ransact ion costs. There are differences bet w een cit ies in t he number of days it t akes t o import and export . Based on t hese differences, it is cheaper t o t rade in some cit ies compared t o ot hers. By adopt ing t he t ime of t he most efficient cit y, an average Pakistani business can save USD 52.4 on export ing and USD 82.196 on import ing. Given t he current proposals by t he St rat egic Trade Policy Framew ork 2009-12
94
‘Pakist an: Improving t he Performance of Housing, Tourism and Ret ail Sectors’, Foreign Invest ment Advisory Service, 2005
95
Federal Board of Revenue, Government of Pakist an
96
This is calculat ed by looking at t he linear relat ionship bet w een t he cost and t ime t aken across cities to find out t he impact on t he cost of doing business due t o a one-day delay
w hich focus on looking at specific indust ries and businesses t o develop for int ernat ional t rade97, some changes suggest ed for overall facilit at ion of import ing and export ing are:
In-land Clearing Facilities
Wit h only 1046 km of coast line, Pakist an needs t o est ablish dry port s t o effect ively handle import and export . These dry port s can reduce administ rat ive delays and provide more capacit y t han ot herwise available in inland cit ies. Sialkot has set up a relat ively successful dry port , w hich can be replicat ed in ot her major cit ies. In Sept ember 2010, t he Sialkot Dry Port Trust handled 2365 consignment s, w eighing 5577 t ons, w ort h PKR 4062 million in t he export sect or. The cargo w as t ransport ed from t he dry port t o Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi and Peshaw ar Airport s, KPT and Port Qasim Sea Port98. M inist ry of Commerce could encourage more invest ors and export ers/ import ers t o set up dry port s in ot her part s of t he count ry t o st reamline cust oms and ot her procedures and m ake t rade quicker.
Transport at ion and Communicat ion
Improved t ransport at ion facilit ies can facilit at e import and export processes. In spit e of having w idespread infrast ruct ure, Pakist an Railw ays handles an insignificant port ion of t he t ot al freight because of infrequent and unreliable service. Businesses have t o use t rucks w hich are relat ively slow as compared t o rail. Comput erisat ion of t he cust oms syst em can facilit at e int ernat ional t rade. St rengt hening of exist ing comput erised cust oms clearance syst em can be done by removing uncert aint y and making it compliant wit h t he cust oms procedures (as in t he case of t he Pakist an Cust oms Comput erised Syst em in Karachi) t o boost int ernat ional and domest ic t rade. M inist ry of Commerce and t he Federal Board of Revenue can w ork t oget her on fixing t he exist ing set up as w ell as int roducing t he syst em in ot her part s of t he count ry.