aprendizaje a través de la tecnología
1 Los contenidos digitales: un enfoque para la calidad
If man controls and guards it right.
Schiller
Better like this though:
Sublime spirit, you gave me, gave me all For which I asked. You did not turn in vain Your countenance to me within the fire.
You gave me glorious nature for my kingdom, The strength to feel and to enjoy it. Not Just cold astonished visits do you allow, You let me look into her breast so deep As if into the bosom of a friend.
Goethe
In the language of the old legends the task of man with regard to nature involved nothing less than propagating and spreading a paradise over his earth; in other words, man's vocation as a heavenly body of the earth was no less than to help this earth to bring forth heavenly fruits and forms and thus to perform a similar service for it, only in a higher sense, as the external heavenly body, the sun, performs for it: which likewise not only liberates and releases the sealed earthly powers from their chains — like the vanished and fettered spirits in fables — but also gives them the necessary restoration for growth, for blossoming and bearing fruit. Just as in the rising of the external solar image the entire external organism unfolds, so in the rising of the divine image in man this external nature was to be equipped and fortified for the unfolding and consequent effects of an internal, higher organism.
Franz von Baader, On the Foundation of Ethics through Physics
It is characteristic of the ideology of a decaying class that it is incapable of imagining the harmony between human beings and the universe. The contradictions in the system oppose the conscious mastery of the forces of nature. The world seems to be hostile to a society which is paralysed by internal disorder.
Roger Garaudy
The human essence of nature only exists for social man; for only here does she exist for him as a bond with man, as existence for the others and of the others for him; only here does she exist as the basis of a human existence. Only here has his natural existence, his human existence and nature for him become
man for him. Thus society is the perfect essential unity of men with nature, the true resurrection of nature, the implemented naturalism of man and the implemented humanism of nature.
Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts I. Magic Past
Plunged into misery
Our bare skin absolutely forces us to invent. Man as such is strangely helpless, even against the weather. He only progresses in regularly warm regions, and could not survive a single winter. The south permits us to walk about naked of course, but not to walk about unarmed. The teeth of the apes receded in primitive man, even the manliest fist is hardly any use against a single wolf. For protection and attack it must grow further, into something which did not grow with it, into the club, into the stone axe. As long as these had not yet been invented, it is strange that men remained alive at all. Since then at any rate they preserve themselves only by working a thing, by planning something better.
Fire and new armament
Our nakedness is now covered, not of our own accord, but only from outside. The alien skin is put round our shoulders, and the cave from which the bear and lion sometimes first had to be driven away was replaced by the house, made of wood or large stones. Birds also build a nest, but it is only used for rearing their brood, not for extending the fortification of the body like human implements and houses. The ant, the bee, the badger, and especially the beaver all build structures and partly even actually like an extension of their body, like an artificial shell as a fortress, but everything essential to technological invention is lacking: implements and their conscious use. Man is the only animal who makes implements, who intensified the nail into a file, the fist into a hammer, the teeth into a knife. Only selfmade man utilized fire, which cooks the food, smelts the ore, and scares off every predator. And even more quickly than the plundered
raw materials grew the art of making something out of them that never existed before. Since then, invention means procuring additional strength or comfort from organic or dead resources outside the body by processing them. Whereby, after the host of commodities has arisen, it becomes essential for invention to add something new to these as well, which has not been found among them up till now. The German patent journal of 1880 gives an adequate supplementary definition along these lines:
‘Invention is the production of a new kind or a new kind of production of artifacts.’ The first can be the zipfastener for instance, the second a different method from previous ones of fastening the heel of a shoe to the sole. The whole of life is thus surrounded by a belt of artificial creations which have never existed before. The human house is vastly extended by them, it becomes more and more comfortable and adventurous.
Lunacy and Aladdin's fairytale
Almost everything was dreamed in his field which has since come to exist. And more as well, if only because the fiery owl of delusion is particularly inventive. It prompted one of the lunatics to invent a bed which is both a kitchen and a lake to bathe in. A schizophrenic tailor kept in a thimble ‘water mixed with childlike innocence’, which washed up the plates and cleaned the suits in a flash. Stainremovers are popular, which in addition to cleaning change cotton into silk. A hunter who suffered from paranoia even invented a lamp by means of which he hatched eagles from hen's eggs. But all these foolish tricks are taken from an area which, as was seen in the case of medical wishful dreams and those of an ideal state, has long been occupied by the fairytale, and occupied in particular detail on the technological level. The needle which sews by itself, and the saucepan which puts on and cooks the meal on its own, is incomparable fairytale invention. As is the mill which even grows out of the corn itself, and threshes and grinds it, as is the fruit loaf which always grows again provided just a little crust of it is left over, and which replaces all other foods. Thus Grimm also explains the social aspect of the fairytale of the Land of Cockaigne in technological terms: ‘The human imagination here satisfies the desire to wield the big knife which cuts through all barriers with total freedom for once.’ From the family of the knife from Cockaigne come the wishing hat, the magic hood and so much else from the witch's store, the magic table, the sevenleague boots, the cudgel from the sack and the
alchemical ass Bricklebrit who pours forth gold when all ends well. Said in Hauff's fairytale blows the silver whistle which the fairy gave him as a present, and the waves immediately subside; the piece of wood to which the shipwrecked sailor clings becomes a dolphin that carries him to the shore. The magic table also turns up here again, this time from the waves, but as dry as if it had stood in the sun for a week, and laden with the most delicious foods. Said's whistle has distinguished relations, they are all gifted not just musically but with magic technology: Roland's horn in the valley of Roncesvalles already half belongs here, but above all the magic flute and Oberon's horn. The full glory of technological wishful images erupts, in keeping with its more luxurious needs, in the oriental fairytale. There the magic objects are even comparatively rationalized and amassed into a technological treasure chamber. The fairytale of Prince Ahmad and the fairy PeriBanu contains an ivory tube through which one can see whatever one wishes to see, even if the object of one's wishes is hundreds of miles away. This fairytale contains the flying carpet which carries its owner in a moment, even if he only utters his wish in his thoughts, to the goal revealed to him by the ivory tube. The fairytale contains winged giants who not only carry people over immense distances like lightning, but also bring up treasures so rich that people would hardly dare to wish for them from underground, in fact, as in the case of Aladdin and the magic lamp, from the void. That which appears impossible, that which is almost deliberately arranged to be impossible is thus created with effortless ease, above all also by means of imaginary instruments. Difficulties fall away on all sides, nothing sounds fantastic in such fairytalest, everything sounds plausible.
Gigantic forces of nature, pictured as spirits, are immediately and slavishly at the command of Aladdin, the master of the ring and the lamp. Or of Hassan the Basorite, the master of the magic rod, he strikes the ground with it: ‘Then the earth gaped open, and out came ten Ifrits, whose legs still stuck in the bowels of the earth while their heads towered far above the clouds’ (‘The Arabian Nights’). The fairytale of the ebony horse hallucinates technological wishful images even soberly as it were, in detail: the magic horse has a lock of hair for ascending and descending, it can be steered according to the direction in which its head is turned, and it is so well equipped for every purpose that the rider carries off the king's daughter from the inaccessible castle or ascends and escapes from the ranks of his enemies. A Chinese fairytale on the other hand, called ‘The Suit of Leaves’, enchants with the magic of a raw material which can be transformed at will, almost as infinitely
usable as the abovementioned allpurpose artificial bed of the lunatic. The fairy here makes a suit of green silk for her human lover out of banana leaves, cakes are baked out of the same foliage, a hen and a fish are cut and cooked, and finally donkeys are carved, on which the lover rides home with the children who have been born in the meantime. It is again a fairy (the wish for superhuman, more superhuman powers) in a fairytale by Lagerlöf who bestows the gift of new creation. So that a blacksmith successfully sets about producing another sun, in the middle of the northern winter; one which does not forsake people for half the year like the celestial one.
Magic tables, Aladdin's lamps, divining rods at every turn, along with Medean cauldrons, caps of Fortunatus, Oberon's horns in the legends and so much more;
obstacles are removed from the course of things in a wishful magic way. Sluggish time is overtaken, heavy matter is to settle lightly and transparently around all wishes.
The most popular expression of this, which no longer had an improbable fairytale quality, was in the novels of Jules Verne, and partly in those of Kurt Lasswitz. The journey ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’ is already long outofdate, that to the centre of the earth and to the moon is still to come. But all this sort of thing, whether it is a crazy device, whether it is an even crazier success with it, is, as Baroque titlepages used to say, not only pleasant but useful to read. It is sometimes the future of human ability, asserted and described as if it already existed now.
‘Professor Mystos’ and invention
In addition, there are now also those eccentrics who seduced others and even themselves. Often deceitful, occasionally obsessed and then not wholly capable of recognizing their suspect trade. Crooks and dreamers are among them, boasters as a whole, distributing unlaid eggs with open hands. Alchemists formerly used to be at their head, better people by and large than the quacks of today. For all around them even learned men believed in spirits, in a summonable something which flutters up above, and digs down below, and above all they believed in the philosopher's stone. Though porcelain was invented in this connection quite by chance, and also ruby glass, the discoverers, the court adepts Böttger and Kunckel, who had the philosopher's stone in mind, were honestly disappointed, so to speak. The alchemist Brand first produced phosphorus from human urine in 1674,
instead of the philosopher's stone; but it seemed to Brand as if he had found a sheass instead of the expected kingdom. Even the swindler Cagliostro, in his by no means scientific awareness, believed some of the tales of alchemists and ghostseers which a greedy, corrupt, and bored aristocracy so willingly swallowed from him.
The contemporary and as it were liberal occult freemasons were also up to so many cranky tricks, with coffins, lights, hermetic arts, that Cagliostro, their socalled
‘Grand Cophta’, could almost appear as a serious case among mere scenepainters. It is altogether strange how at that time two or three trends could run alongside and even into one another in this variously inventive sorcery: First the rising bourgeois tendency towards promoting the technological forces of production, but then the obscurantist addiction to miracles of the declining feudal class, which produced the appearance of Cagliostro himself — in a way reminiscent of Rasputin at the court of the Tsar. But these are joined by a third component, the cabbalism which still had a continuing influence precisely from the Renaissance again, from its witches’ kitchens and incantations. Though witchburnings themselves had also become rarer of late, the belief in helpful spirits had not; a book against ghosts like Balthasar Bekker's
‘Enchanted World’, which denied the pact with the devil, still seemed bold and almost paradoxical around 1690 and later, outside the highest academic sphere. The magical Renaissance and the theosophical seventeenth century lived on for such a long time; the dividing line between freemasonry and the Rosicrucians was still often blurred. Swedenborg, deep in the Age of Enlightenment, best demonstrates what a strange background open to wonders had still remained to Reason. In fact, mechanics itself occasionally still had a ghostly element of its own at that time, one which was not even that farfetched. It joined the old one surrounding the clock, this strange lifesimulating phenomenon, above all the church clock and its lonely dark activity. Surrounding the clicking and shifting of the wheels up in the casing, surrounding the whole mechanical lifeindeath and its aura. Thus cogwheels, gears, pulley blocks stare out at us from woodcuts of this period, all natural, all as if from the belfry, all spooky. Even L'omme machine, the materialist catchphrase of La Mettrie, which seemed to break the spell so thoroughly around 1750, produced a new shudder of horror, one which until then was even unknown, for the diversely uncontemporary bizarreness which persisted even during the bourgeois Enlightenment. It was a mixture of a bit of the Golem. legend with the metaphor of the clock with which the Baroque is filled, particularly in its dramas: Hallmann's ‘Marianne’ talks of the
body as ‘practicable clockwork’, and Lohenstein gathers up the wheels of his fallen ‘Agrippina’, the female tyrant, ‘who had the strange idea the clockwork of her brain/Was powerfully to revolve the orbit of the stars’. But the new element was in fact added as the shudder of exposure, precisely in mechanics: the fact that living man is a piece of clockwork which is selfwinding. This sort of thing seemed to become apparent in the automata which emerged at that time: in the singing nightingale, the mechanical violinplayer, the mathematical wizard, all made of wax and inside only clockwork, but all alive as it were. It was characteristic that the clockwork was not concealed, it was merely draped with Rococo clothes or rich Turkish costume and thus doubly apparent. The mechanism was emphasized in a downright coquettish fashion in all these figures, the skirt or curtain drawn back from the wheels displayed the mechanics precisely as a new magic abyss. There is an echo of this in the keeper of the stoolshop from the ‘Tales of Hoffmann’: with a barometer, hygrometer, and glasses, whoever looks through them sees everything that is dead as alive; all the more so in Doctor Spallanzani, the physicist who hatches automata. There is still an echo in the advertising preparations of modern chemical laboratories: the sparkling glass itself, and the bright mechanistic light reaches into old, strangely increased imagination. At any rate, mechanics also seemed to reveal something secret, a land of adventure and hubris beyond the frontiers, in the midst of sobriety. The golem was to be found in there too, not just in the premechanical region in which rabbi Löb as a cabbalist wanted to attempt the business of creation, with a lump of clay and a magic slip of paper. Thus the various Cagliostros were not made totally impossible even by the Enlightenment, especially when they used a mechanicaltechnological language apart from the magic one.
Moreover, even today we still say that a liar ‘invents’ something. The strange, bad and good ambiguity of this word particularly found adherents at that time, among bankrupt and bored princes. And it was the age of the rising bourgeoisie, very interested in profitable inventions. But inventing was still bizarre, so to some extent it was uncritically merged in human consciousness as something à la Münchhausen and as something technological. Consequently, adventurers of the kind that were called
‘projectors’ in the Baroque also moved into technology; as much on a wishful basis as on one of swindling and shudders of horror. These projectmakers or ‘donneurs d'vis’ effortlessly switched at that time from the domain of state finances, where they were never at a loss for any ‘invention’, to the domain of technology, again with an often complicated mixture of conning
and ardent enthusiasm. The same type who concocted patent economic remedies, and often sold them at great profit (to himself), also had technological arcana for sale. One of these projectmakers, his name was Bessler and he later called himself, probably crossing Orpheus and zephyr, Orphyré, also Dr Orfyréus, first eked out a living as a wood turner, clockmaker, and grinder, switched over into a quack, astrologer, and alchemist, and then united this versatility in the business of a charlatan engineer. As such he created the ‘curious and duly appointed running pearl, called Orfyréi Perpetuum mobile’. Around this he wrote a trashy piece of technological
and ardent enthusiasm. The same type who concocted patent economic remedies, and often sold them at great profit (to himself), also had technological arcana for sale. One of these projectmakers, his name was Bessler and he later called himself, probably crossing Orpheus and zephyr, Orphyré, also Dr Orfyréus, first eked out a living as a wood turner, clockmaker, and grinder, switched over into a quack, astrologer, and alchemist, and then united this versatility in the business of a charlatan engineer. As such he created the ‘curious and duly appointed running pearl, called Orfyréi Perpetuum mobile’. Around this he wrote a trashy piece of technological