Métodos Poblacionales

Background Notes

UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 2–3 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The photo shows two businessmen shaking hands and smiling. One of the men is wearing a gray business suit. The other man is wearing traditional Saudi clothing in white, including a thawb (an ankle-length robe), a taqiyah (a small white cap), a ghutra (a square piece of cloth folded into a triangle and placed on the head), and an igal (a doubled black cord which keeps the ghutra in place).

Listening and Speaking 3, page 6 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

Remind students that it’s important to make a good first impression, especially in job interviews.

Psychological research shows that when evaluating people, we weigh initial information more heavily than later information. The first information we get about a person influences the way we perceive subsequent information. As a result, we are more likely to believe that the first things we learn about someone are true.

For example, if you show an interest in people during a first meeting, they may form an impression of you as an engaging and caring person. They might not notice or care if you are distracted or selfish later.

Conversely, a negative first impression makes an even deeper impact. If you initially appear distracted or selfish, people may ignore your later caring behavior or interest toward them. It can take many additional positive actions to overcome the impact of a negative first impression.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 11 Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Malcolm Gladwell is a writer for the magazine The New Yorker. He has also written several best-selling non-fiction books, including The Tipping Point and Outliers. His books describe various phenomena within the fields of psychology and social psychology, including popularity trends and the factors that contribute to success.

His book Blink was published in 2005 and examines the way in which people unconsciously process information to make an accurate first impression.

Gladwell is of British and Jamaican ancestry, but was

UNIT 2 UNIT 2

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 24–25 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The large photo on page 24 shows a man in Uzbekistan cooking something in a large black pot as his grandsons watch. They are outside, in front of a house. At the top of page 25 is an open bottle of vitamin C tablets. At the bottom of the page is an assortment of candy, cookies, and fried foods.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 26 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

This Listening stresses the importance of balance in one’s diet. There have been many efforts to advise people on how to achieve a balance that is nutritionally sound as well as appealing. One approach encourages people to choose a colorful diet. It is possible to balance one’s diet by including a variety of fruits and vegetables from the range of natural colors. For example, yellow/green foods such as spinach and avocado help maintain good vision.

Similarly, red/purple foods, like berries and grapes, help our heart function.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 33

Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Many food production companies employ food tasters. These people typically have educational backgrounds in food science or production development and marketing. Food tasters can specialize in one food, for example, chocolate, cheese, beef, or coffee.

UNIT 3 UNIT 3

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 46–47 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The photo shows a large truck carrying a one-story house on a two-way road. The house is being moved somewhere. The house is so big that cars must pull off the road as the truck passes by.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 49 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

The speaker, Gary McBride, talks about his career on Wall Street. Wall Street is a famous street in New York City. It is the heart of the city’s financial district. The New York Stock Exchange is located on Wall Street, and many international banks have large offices there.

In contrast, Iowa is a state in the Midwest of the country. It is primarily farmland. Iowa, like all of the Midwest, is known for a more relaxed pace of life.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 54

Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Barbara Ehrenreich was born in the United States in 1941. She has been interested in workers’ rights across all sectors of the workforce since the 1960s.

To date, she has written over 20 nonfiction books as well as one work of fiction and dozens of magazine articles and newspaper columns.

UNIT 4 UNIT 4

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 68-69 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The photo on page 68 shows the front window of a shoe store. There is huge, red sign advertising a sale. At the top of page 69 is a sidewalk blackboard for a pizzeria. It is advertising the day’s specials. At the bottom of the page is a Citi Bike. This is a part of New York City’s Bike Share program. Citibank sponsors the program, so it gets to put its logo on the bicycles.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 70 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

Advertising is a field that draws a lot of creative talent. People who are skilled at writing and other creative pursuits are often drawn to careers in advertising. It is also known for innovation in video due to TV commercials. Advertising is one of the few fields in which creative people can make a good living.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 74 Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Ramadan takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. During Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to dusk every day for the entire month. This fasting is considered a way to cleanse one’s soul and to feel empathy for people in the world who are hungry.

At the end of Ramadan, there is a three-day celebration known as Eid ul-Fitr, the Feast of Fast-Breaking. During this celebration, people might share meals with friends and family and exchange gifts.

UNIT 5 UNIT 5

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 88–89 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The photo shows a cave explorer who has come face to face with a rare cave tarantula in Oaxaca, Mexico.

The tarantula looks dangerous. The man looks nervous.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 92 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

All the writers mentioned are best-selling authors who srcinally published and promoted their works in non-traditional ways. Some of these authors risked their savings to self-publish. Others spent time and money promoting their books in innovative ways. These days, with the advent of inexpensive e-publishing platforms, self-publishing is not as big a risk or as expensive as it used to be, but in order to be noticed, authors still have to do their own marketing, including traveling to libraries, schools, and book clubs to ask people to read and buy their books.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 98 Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Tina Neal is a volcanologist (volcano geologist) with the U.S. Geological Survey group. Prior to this, she was a geologist at the Alaska Volcano Observatory in Anchorage where she participated in several eruption

responses. Her work as a hazard specialist has allowed her to travel to various places like Kilauea (Hawaii) and Nepal to study volcanic processes. Tina Neal’s job allows her to share her knowledge with the public and decision makers in order to make people safer and more educated about volcanoes.

Paul Flaherty is a meteorologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the section chief of the “Hurricane Hunters.” He and the rest of his team use a combination of aviation training and meteorological expertise to assist NOAA scientists with pre-flight planning and real-time mission decisions. Paul Flaherty provided important information on Hurricane Katrina.

UNIT 6 UNIT 6

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 110–111 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The large picture on page 110 shows an atomic power station and a solar power plant. The two structures are surrounded by wildflowers, and there is a row of trees in front of the atomic power station. At the top of the page are four bins for recycling paper, glass, metal, and plastic. At the top of page 111 are two large wind turbines that turn wind power into electricity. At the bottom of the page there are symbols related to recycling and conservation.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 112 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

The professor mentions the use of children in the production of clothing. These children work in what is typically called a sweatshop. A sweatshop is a manufacturing operation that underpays employees—

often women and underage workers—and asks them to work long hours. The working conditions may be particularly difficult or unsafe. The workers are not protected and are often taken advantage of.

Sweatshops exist throughout the world, but they are illegal in most countries.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 117 Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Many young people live at home while they are going to college or a university. They do this to save money.

Most young people are expected to contribute to the household chores, for example, doing dishes, keeping the house clean, or helping with meals. Similarly, teenagers who are still in high school usually live at home. They may be responsible for taking care of younger children in the household in addition to helping with chores.

UNIT 7 UNIT 7

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 130–131 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The photo shows a luxury mansion on the French Riviera. The grounds around the mansion are perfectly kept. It has a long pool surrounded by flowers.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 132 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

In the United States, it is possible to become wealthy suddenly through a variety of circumstances, including inheritances from family members or a risky investment.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 139 Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

Dr. Sonja Lyubomirsky is a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of California Riverside. She is also the author of two books which present research-based strategies for increasing one’s happiness,The How of Happiness and The Myths of Happiness.

UNIT 8 UNIT 8

Listening and Speaking 3, pages 152–153 Unit Opener Background Note Unit Opener Background Note

The large photo on page 152 shows a baker standing in the doorway of his bakery. At the top of page 153 is a gold medal from the 2012 Olympic Games in London. At the bottom of the page is a scoreboard for a high school basketball game. The home team is winning by 32 points.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 154 Listening 1 Background Note Listening 1 Background Note

This Listening focuses on what it really means to be successful. In order to achieve success on their own terms, people around the world have changed careers, set different priorities, or reassessed their values.

Ordinary people are doing this, as evidenced by the increasing numbers of fathers who opt to spend time as primary caregivers for their children, as well as the number of people who dedicate themselves to greener living through recycling and gardening.

Listening and Speaking 3, page 160 Listening 2 Background Note Listening 2 Background Note

After the accident that caused his blindness and the loss of his leg, Mohannad Abu-dayya went on to complete his studies and receive his undergraduate degree from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Now he is a prolific and successful inventor, lecturer, businessman, and trainer.