M EMORIA I NFORMATIVA DEL E STUDIO

Marija Grbovic7

Aleksandra Golubovic-Stojanovic8

ABSTRACT

Within the project “Modern management in the function of revitalization of school sport in Belgrade” the research on the relations between the following was done: documents that determine the position of sport in Serbia (Law on sport, Strategy of sports development and Action plan for conducting the Sport development strategy in the republic of Serbia from 2009. until 2013, as well as the current document of School sport development strategy in Vojvodina 2013-2017), organizational structures responsible for realization of school sport (Association for school sport in Serbia and local sport associations, that deal with forms of realization of various sports programs for students and children) and the existing way of management of school sport. The aim of this paper is to establish the extent to which, in the mentioned documents and practice as well, modern management is applied, as a foundation for rational and as wide as possible realization of the projected programs, having in mind: planning, organizing, staff, management and control. We considered the connection between the current state of functions in sports system and education system, i.e. the role of school in further development of school sport. We came to a conclusion that there are numerous forms of work organization that could imply sport in schools and schools of sport, but there is no unique database on them although there are numerous information on government and non-government institutions’ sites and the means of informing. There is a significant fund of experience and written materials with the suggestions for solutions which have not been used so far and which can serve as a foundation for implementation of new ways of schools’ sport management.

Key words: Sports Strategy, School Sport, The role of School, Management JEL Classification: M54

UDK: 37.011.3-052:796]:005

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Marija Grbovic, Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION

Sport is a constitutional category (Constitution of the Republic of Serbia article 97.); activity of special interest to the Republic of Serbia and it is defined by Law on sport (Official Gazette no. 24/2011 and 99/2011). According to (Sotiriadou, 2005), the development of various national sports systems shows that every political direction has a different attitude towards issues of sport and physical activity of the citizens. Practising physical education and sport represent a fundamental human right for all as an essential element of life-long learning in the entire education system (International Chapter of Physical Education and Sport, 1978).

The article 4 in Law on sport says that anyone has the right to practise sport and that it has to be human, free and voluntary, healthy and safe, in accordance with nature and social environment. It has to be fair, tolerant, ethically acceptable, responsible, and independent from any manipulation and goals that are opposite the sports spirit and it should be available to all regardless of their age, level of physical abilities, degree of eventual invalidity or any other personal traits.

Practising sport can empower the young, not only from the aspect of improving the physical health but also from the point of social development, feeling of self-respect, tolerance and responsibility. It is also necessary to emphasize the fact that active practising of sport can influence the prevention from smoking, alcoholism, drugs and delinquent behavior with young people, as consequences of lack of self discipline, positive role models and boredom.

Current assessments of life expectancy put our country to the 76th place out of 198 ranked countries in the world (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2011). According to the data from 2006, in Serbia almost every fifth person was obese (18.6%) every third person smoked (33.6%), and around 40% consumed alcohol daily or occasionally, and nearly half of the population had hypertension.

Based on the monitoring a large amount of people, through longitudinal studies that were done in developed countries, it is spotted that people with not enough physical activity during the day, whether we are talking about work or free time, have 2.5 times increased mortality rate, while with cardiovascular illnesses the mortality rate is 3.5 times higher. During the history, sciences managed to find the cure for most horrible diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid fever, variola vera, which took millions of lives, but the question of how will people deal with mass hypokinesia and obesity says open. It is considered that for attaining the balance in functioning of human organism it is necessary to make 10.000-14.000 steps per day, and for attaining the function of an organism it is necessary to have appropriate physical activity.

Regular and rightly dosed physical activity, according to Mitić (2005), is a significant factor of healthy lifestyle which can influence the prevention of various diseases up to 50%.

American experts have calculated that it is better to spend 20 billion dollars on making the sports activities a mass phenomenon that to spend 200 billion dollars on treating the diseases!

Highly developed countries deal with this problem for a long period of time trying to find a way to make majority of population physically active. The percentage of physically active population in highly developed countries is between 34% in China (registered in 2005) and nearly 40% in Great Britain as stands in the national plan until 2020. Unfortunately, the percentage of active population in Serbia, according to the data of Ministry of youth and sport of the Republic of Serbia in 2009 was around 8%. The solution of the problem can be expected in increased activities directed towards the young practising physical exercises and sport with the idea to make it their life-long need. Quality physical education, well-organized school sport and sport in all age categories, can significantly contribute to the quality of life.

In our country there is a long tradition of various forms of physical activities: physical education, school sport, sport and recreation. Also, in all of these there have been significant results achieved and are still being achieved. However, modern social circumstances with the reduced opportunities for investments, as well as modern living conditions with present hypokinesia in all age categories and especially with the youngest, put increase and attaining the optimal scope and quality of physical activity in the forefront.

In Serbia there is also a long tradition of nurturing the school sport. System of school sports competitions was established more than 40 years ago in 1969/70 school year and the first sports Olympic Games of the students of the Republic of Serbia date back to 1992. It is necessary to emphasize the necessity of connections between school sport and physical education as a subject in education system, as well as its connection with the sports system – sports associations and including the children into sport. Numerous reasons have led to decrease of the quality of physical education and including all children into school sport and that contributed to loosing the foundation for involving children in the schools of sport and later in pioneer and youth competition categories. Therefore the Ministry of youth and sport gives a special attention to sport for children and school sport in the Law on sport, Strategy of sport development and Action plans for realizing the Strategy. The encouragement of development of school sport in the Sport development strategy from 2009 to 2013 is recognized as one of the preconditions for forming a healthy nation. „Sport in every corner of the planet connects millions of people, boys and girls, children and adults and older people and gives life to clubs, associations and institutions. Sport is the central element of society and an integral part of sustainable development “as is written in the IOC Guide on Sport, Environment and Sustainable Development, 2006.

„Sport in all countries has a large number of educational, cultural and social functions, which in the modern theory (philosophy) are presented as values of

sport. This is why in the Millennium United Nations Charter sport is said to be „the

school of life“. Also in the document of United Nations titled „Millennium goals” physical activity is recognizes as a key subject in forming the complete personality of a child (Radojević, 2011).

By good management and planning we could get physical education, school sport and sport into a close relationship. So the responsibility for development of school sport equally belongs to the education system and sports system, where we should consider the role of health system as well.

There are numerous researches that deal with school sport, as well as he conferences dedicated to this topic. Among other things it is determined that the success in academic areas is greater with the individuals that do sport as a part of their after school activities. The research of Matvejeve-Stančeve (according to Stojanović, 1986) is interesting. It has been done with the students from two classes, in one city, with similar physical abilities, age 7-9. Students that had a regular and quality physical education had a better flow of development, less health problems and better academic success in school. In the last two decades more and more researches and projects have been done, which confirm these conclusions. According to Marsh,Kleitman , 2003; Broh, 2002; Frejgin, 1994; Marsh, 1993; Landers, Felts, Obermeier, Brouse, 1978; doing sport positively influences the success in school, enrollment to faculties, finishing high school, educational aspirations, self-respect and work ethics. By exercising we change the energy levels of action of all tissues, increase the supply of oxygen of all muscle cells, and increase the supply of ATP and glycogen and this improves the level of their functioning. That is why physical activity is necessary for normal growth and development of a man. This paper emphasizes the significance of mass practicing of sport of schools’ population with the implementation of modern management method with that purpose.

According to Momčilović (2010) school sport provides great possibility and contribution in proportional and harmonic development. It is very important to point out that the children in school gladly accept various forms of competition, which are in accordance with the plan and program of physical education classes, where it is essential to apply games as generally accepted method in teaching physical education. Modern program of physical education is based on the unity of teaching and afterschool activities. In conditions where the increase in the number of PE classes is uncertain, and with the younger children in schools PE is often neglected, first of all because of economic reasons, the after-school activities gain their significance. PE teachers are of key significance. They should be responsible for proper conducting of PE classes as well as directing of talented pupils to some sport.

Within the project „Revitalization of school sport in Belgrade“, Radojević and associates (2002), a wide analysis was done and suggestions of measures for advancement of school sport in Belgrade were given. All relevant information was gathered from management and school structures of Belgrade. It analyzed the actions of the Association and all the following documents, data on working conditions and the number of sports branches and participants at competitions. As a foundation for the proposition of the new program of school sport in Belgrade they insisted on functional connection between the teaching PE and school sport as well as to make the school competitions in Belgrade a part of system of „Olympic sports games of students of the Republic of Serbia“. They proposed new content in the system of school sports

competitions in Belgrade (with a special emphasis on participation of younger pupils) and the functional connection between school sports competitions system and sports system of Belgrade was looked into (branches of sport associations). They also gave suggestions for organization of system of school sports competitions in Belgrade through connection of the systems: school – municipality – city and actual calendars of competitions' realizations, conditions for dynamics of realizing projects and funding; solving the issues of staff; education systems, informing, communication and media promotion system.

Research of management in Strategy of school sport development deals with clauses and articles of Law on sport, Sport development strategy and Action plan for conducting the Sport development strategy in the Republic of Serbia from 2009 to 2013 as well as the current document School sport development strategy in Vojvodina 2013-2017, which determine the position of school sport in Serbia. At the same time organizational structures for realization of school sport (Association of school sport and Olympic education of Serbia and local sports associations that deal with forms of are considered realizing various sports programs for students and children) are considered as well as the existing way of school sport management. The relations between content of existing documents are determined, which regulate school sport and its practice, with the intention to recognize elements of management in them.

The goal of this paper is to establish to which extent in documents that regulate school sport, as well as in practice, modern management is applied, as the foundation for rational and wide organization of realization of the programs, having in mind: planning, staff, management and control.

ANALYSIS OF MANAGEMENT IN SCHOOL SPORT