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protection?

A reflection aimed at verifying the resistance of national labor law systems in the light of the criteria of rationality illustrated above, cannot but begin from the core of the entire labor law system, that is the case subordinate employment.

42_{To this regards see R. P}_ESSI_{, Persona e impresa nel diritto del lavoro, in A}_A_{. Vv.,}

Diritto e libertà: studi in memoria di Matteo Dell’Olio, Turin, 2008, 2, 1238 et seq.: «Sottoporre a verifica la razionalità regolativa del diritto del lavoro vuol dire, anzitutto, saggiare la compatibilità del suo sistema regolativo con l’efficienza del sistema economico, perché quest’ultima è precondizione per la tutela di quei diritti che comportano un effetto redistributivo di ricchezza e il suo dimensionarsi».

43_{R.A. P}_OSNER_{, Some Economics of Labor Law, in U. Chi. L. Rev., 1984, 988 et seq.:} «labor law is as natural a field for the application of economics to law as one could imagine. It regulates explicit markets that have been a subject of continuous and fruitful economic study since Adam Smith’s day».

Indeed, all labor law is based on the aim of protecting subordinate employment, considered in its dualist-dichotomic contrast with independent employment. In reality, this setting has been certainly overcome by the spreading of new forms of self-employment, defined in doctrines «di nuova generazione»44.

Therefore, we can only take note of the inadequateness of this normative system in the light of an evaluation which is both instrumental and axiological.

The traditional category of subordination, once the real core of the labor law discipline, is today sided by other types of independent or para-subordinate employment, involving workers in weak positions, who are economically dependent and who deserve protection exactly as subordinate workers45.

Thus, it seems possible to say that the concept of subordination, as originally elaborated in the codes, has today been partially overcome, or rather inserted in an economic-productive scenario which has gradually determined significant changes in the paradigms of labor organization.

As a consequence, the system of guarantees offered by labor law, based only on subordinate employment, has become unsuitable to efficaciously regulate, and especially protect the new forms of

44_{A. P}_ERULLI_{, Razionalità e proporzionalità nel diritto del lavoro, cit., 4.}

45_{See: M. B}_IAGI_–_M._T_IRABOSCHI_{, Lavoratori “parasubordinati” e rappresentanza}

sindacale. Le proposte legislative in materia di lavoro parasubordinato: tipizzazione di un “tertium genus” o codificazione di uno “Statuto dei lavori”?, in Lav. dir., 1999,

571 et seq.; M. MAGNANI, Quale “Statuto” per il lavoro autonomo?, in Dir. rel. ind.,

2010, 597 et seq.; M. PERSIANI, Considerazioni sulla nozione e sulla funzione del

contratto di lavoro subordinato, in Riv. it. dir. lav., 2010, 455 et seq.; T. TREU, Uno

employment, which are the result of the development of the organizational models already mentioned46.

We reach such a conclusion also if we refer to the evaluation of rationality, considered in its proper axiological dimension, because the values expressed in the Constitutional Chart point out the existence of an area of employment “uncovered” by the weighty forms of protection offered to subordinate employment.

To this regard it is useful to stress that the reasons of this “gap” between regulations and the social dimension to regulate have been found in part in the attitude of «chiusura culturale», created and maintained by part of the labor law academic world towards a social reality in continuous change47.

The consequence is that an organic reasoning on this aspect requires necessarily to consider with particular attention the qualitative dimension of the regulation, considering the latter’s ability to condition advantageously the situations which need to be disciplined.

46_{This evolution, in its historical dimension, is well described in L. G}_AETA_{, Contratto}

e rapporto, organizzazione e istituzione. Rileggendo Franco Liso, in Dir. lav. rel. ind.,

2014, 4, 662. The author, referring to the intellectual fertility of labor law in the 1980s, has described very well the gradual break down of dependent employment, which started in those years: «La propensione quasi fisiologica del giurista italiano

verso le teorizzazioni generali si coniugò, allora, felicemente con il momento particolare nel quale il “prototipo” del lavoro subordinato si stava letteralmente sgretolando sotto la spinta di diversi fattori, tra cui la previsione legislativa di nuove articolazioni della prestazione tradizionale, la diffusione di nuovi mestieri indotti soprattutto dall’enorme allargamento del settore terziario, la comparsa di modelli lavorativi “diffusi”, prodotti dall’innovazione tecnologica».

47_{With reference to this, see L. M}_ARIUCCI_{, op. cit., 163 et seq. The author} efficaciously asks labor law jurists to “come out of their shell”, opening to interdisciplinary comparisons, and especially opening to the reasons of economics, with which a renewed and certainly more intense synergic link is considered necessary. See also U. CARABELLI, Libertà e immunità del sindacato, Naples, 1986,

41: «il giurista positivo […] non deve chiudersi nel guscio monolitico e dogmatico del

Considering that the article n. 35 of the Italian Constitution states that «La Repubblica tutela il lavoro in tutte le sue forme ed

applicazioni», it is necessary to review the system of guarantees, used so

far as garrison only of subordinate employment, foreseeing its extension to the area of employment, not subordinate from the juridical point of view, but economically dependent48.

In order to successfully reach such a result, it is indispensable to promote with conviction an opening to interdisciplinarity, both internal and external to law.

It is, therefore, useful to stress the necessity to proceed to the work of re-conceptualization of labor law – which can no longer be postponed – to an attentive evaluation of the rationality of the labor “rules”, in their instrumental projection, towards the concrete and effective coherence of the normative system with reference to the many and heterogeneous forms of employment present today and widespread in the contemporary world of production.

We need to reason – in a constant, continuous and mutually advantageous dialectic with the socio-economic sciences – in a mainly substantial dimension, placing attention to the effects produced in concrete by the choices made in matters of regulation.

Only through this evaluation, with the goal of measuring the congruity of the regulations to the purposes they aim at reaching, can labor law renew its own legitimacy, “waking up” from the «lungo

sonno», in which it seems to have fallen49.

48_{With reference to this, see M. P}_ERSIANI_{, Diritto del lavoro, Padua, 2006, 97 et seq.} 49_{L. M}_ARIUCCI_{, op. cit., 167.}

To this regard it is always useful to keep in mind that the legitimacy of labor law is based on its effective determination of social consequences and effects50.

In this reflection particularly important are the most vivacious and crucial issues discussed by labor law such as, in primis, the controversial relationship (and its balance) between rigidity and flexibility in employment relationships.

It is only through a mature and critical interpretative analysis of the results of economic research that we can consider with more awareness, and then apply labor law.

This way, exactly through a constant and constructive dialogue with the economic sciences, it is possible to reason with success on the adequateness and the coherence of the regulations in comparison with their objectives, proceeding thus to a re-conceptualization of the philosophical and speculative dimension of the subject, by reconsidering the entire system of values of reference, in the light of the unstoppable dynamism typical of historical development51.

50_{G. T}_EUBNER_{, Juridification, concept, aspects, limits, solutions, in I}_D_{., Juridification}

of social spheres, Berlin – New York, 1987, passim. On this regard, see the reflection

proposed by R. PESSI, Economia e diritto del lavoro, cit., 438: «per sottoporre ad un

adeguato vaglio di razionalità il diritto del lavoro dobbiamo necessariamente verificare se l’attuale assetto regolativo tiene rispetto alle esigenze dell’efficienza economica; o, se si preferisce, da altra angolazione, se il miglior modo per tutelare la persona che è implicata nel rapporto di lavoro e per garantire il valore costituzionale primario del diritto all’occupazione sia rappresentato dall’assetto regolativo esistente».

51_{Think, for instance, about fundamental social rights, which ask the jurist to make a} constant reflection on economics, in order to verify and highlight the possible pathologies which can undermine the efficacy of employment protection regulations and on which it is therefore necessary to intervene.

7. Economic rationality and social rationality: the search of a

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