XYLENE IN SANDY SOIL USING SOFTWARE
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Modelos inéticos mpleadosce
browse subtest -> specify parameter data using excel sheet columns -> click ok. 2. QTP Test to WinRunner Test: Insert -> call to WinRunner Test-> browse the path of test -> click ok. Note: QTP supports WinRunner 7.0 and higher versions only because QTP supports auto learning and from WinRunner7.0 onwards auto learning is possible.
26 User Defined Functions User Defined Functions Repeatable navigations in application recorded as functions. To make it as permanent .ext we can use compiled module concept
User Defined Actions
Repeatable navigations in application recorded as actions to create one reusable action.
We can follow below navigation
Insert, new action, enter
action name with
description, select reusable action, click ok, record repeatable navigation in your application
Note: To call that reusable action in required test, we can use insert , call to action 27 Synchronization point Wait
Change runtime settings For object/window For object/window bitmap
insert -> step -> synchronization piont [this is exactly equal to for object/window property in
indicator object -> click ok after confirmation -> specify expected property with value -> specify maximum time wait -> click ok.
28 Exception Handling TSL Pop Up Object
Web for web only
Tools -> Recovery Scenario Manager -> Click New -> click next -> Select Trigger type ( pop up, object state, application crash, test run error ) -> define the situation with handler -> browse reusable action for recovery- > click finish.
29 Technology Supported Does not supports .Net, XML, SAP, People Soft, Oracle applications and multimedia objects for testing
QTP supports .Net, XML, SAP, People Soft, Oracle applications and multimedia objects for testing
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISO is given for all companies.
CMM is given for only software companies. 6-Sigma is for all companies.
If you implement the 20 clause (8 sections) then u will get ISO.
In the year 1947, non government organizations joined together and formed ISO. There are 145 countries are there in ISO. India is among them. ISO is the Greek word. This is derived from the word ISOCESS. Actually ISOCESS means equal or total. It is equal for all in the world India, USA …
ISO 9000 – Guidelines
9001, 9002, 9003, 9004 – Certifications
Whenever you want to get certifications first you have to follow certain guidelines. 9001 – For companies design, development, testing and inspection.
9002 – Except design remaining activities. (Companies called as Production) 9003 – Testing and inspection only.
9004 – Continuous improvement.
For every six years they are releasing the version. Latest version is 2000. And we can expect the next version in 2007. Whither it is a hotel or software company they can get 9001. But by verifying the scope we can confirm what type of company.
Now a days there is no 9002 and 9003. They are giving only 9000, 9001 and 9004. They are mainly responsible for
prevention of defects
Identifying efficient life cycle models, process, methodologies etc… according to quality standards.
Review the reports and documents that are prepared by QC team or whole project team.
The major concern is on the process being implemented.
Are we following the right method for developing or not.
Verification
For detection of defects
Responsible for implementation of the life cycles, methodologies etc… for the testing of the application.
Prepare the reports, documents,
according to the standards or guidelines given by QA team
The major concern is product being developed
Product properly done or not. Validation
Quality Assurance Quality Control
How to get Certification:
BVQI – Beaurea of Verta Quality International (USA based company, branch in Hyd) ICL – International Certification Limited (USA based company, branch in Secunderabad) STQC – Software Testing, Quality Testing
If u want to get Certification first approach any one of the above company they will say implement 20 clause. Next they will come to audit and finally certifies.
If u don’t know how to implement 20 clause they are conducting training through company as External Auditor 3 months course. They will conduct this. Internal Auditor for Rs 25,000 and they will conduct with in 4-5 days.
Difference between the External or Lead auditor and Internal auditor is the former can work in two or three companies in a day. The later will works in only one company.
Format – The structure is studied. They visit all the departments and prepare this. Check list – What are the requirements
Procedure – Work based on 20 Clause.
Procedure Manual – Prepare procedure and distribute to all departments and inform them to implement it to get the Certification.
What ever the work you are doing you have to prepare the documents. Reasons are 1. Future reference
2. Employees may leave organization
Generally auditor should have 10+Exp and 5 cycles of implementation.
NCR – Non Conformance Report Types of Certifications: 1. External Audit 2. SURVELLANCE Audit 3. Recertification Procedure Manual Procedure Check List Format
1. External Audit: To renewals for every 3 years
2. SURVELLANCE Audit: Every 6 months they will come and checks. But they informs before coming. They will issues one NCR if u didn’t follow and they once again audits the same issue after 3 months. They gives 3 or 4 NCRs and finally cancels the certification.
3. Recertification: If they cancels then go for recertification
SEI-CMM (Software Engineering Institute – Capability Maturity Model) SEI-CMM levels:
This is given to software companies only
There are five levels are there in CMM like level 1,2,3,4,5
There are different CMMs are there like SEI-CMM also called as Software CMM, PCMM, CMMI- CMM for Integration.
In the year 1987, MIKE PAULK and BILL CURTIS (They are working as faculty in CARNEGIE MELLON University, Pits burgh, USA) formed together. They released CMM version1.0 from the SEI. They have observed the ISO, in ISO software organizations are not getting any special facilities. So they formed SEI and released CMM.
In CMM auditors are called as Assessors. Anybody can become as Assessors but you have to attend training classes in Chennai or Mumbai. KPMG etc... Institutes are conducting this course.
There are two types of companies Disciplined / Matured Company Indiscipline / immature Company
There are five levels of CMM, each level has got number of processes. For example level2 has the process as project management. Each process is called as KPA.
If an organization implements all the KPA’s then based on them it is given a level. Infosys was assessed at level4 in Dec 1997 and at level5 in Dec 1999.
1. Initial Adhoc 2. Repeatable Project Management 3. Defined Software Change Management 4. Managed Quality Management 5. Optimized Hitech Change
PCMM: People CMM. It also got 5 levels. This is mainly deals with the HR principles. For selecting and recruiting they are having one structure. That will be given by this.
CMMI: CMM for Integration. They use SEI CMM, Systems engineering principles and IPD- CMM (Integrated Product Development).
Small company can get up to ISO and CMM Level-3, PCMM Level-3 and CMMI. CMMI is the latest technology and most of the companies are trying to get this.
6 σ
(Six Sigma)This is given to all companies.
This is derived from Greek letter ‘
σ’
which means Standard Deviation. 6σ is a metric which gives various standard deviationsThe greater the number before ‘
σ
’ the less will be the defect in the process variation, more will be quality and customer satisfaction.ISO, CMM and 6 σ all are for customer satisfaction. If it is 5 σ the error may be 265 in 1 million LOC. If it is 6 σ the error may be 3 in 1 million LOC. PPMQ – Parts for Proper Million.
DMAIC – Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control.
Generally any company first does this DMAIC and next goes for 6 σ. DFSS – Design for Six Sigma. This is for software organizations.
In 6 σ you will be given Champion, Major Black Belt, Black Belt, Green Belt, White Belt, Orange Belt.
Champion – Owner of the company.
Black belt holder will train the Green belt holder.
6 σ companies – Satyam, Motorola, Wipro, TCS etc… But the first company in Hyderabad which got this one is GE.
CMM Levels: What is CMM:
It defines how software organizations mature or improve in their ability to develop software. This model was developed SEI of Carnegie Mellon University in late 80s.
Infosys was addressed at level 4 in Dec 1997 and at level 5 in Dec 1999. Why CMM:
CMM is a software specific model. CMM describes how software organizations can take the path of continuing improvement, which is so required in this highly competitive world. Keep improving is CMM Mantra.
Level1: initial or Ad-hoc. There are no KPAs in this level.
Level2: Repeatable. There are 6 KPAs in this level. KPAs at this level look at project planning and execution.
Level3: Defined. There are 7 KPAs in this level. Organizational process is the focus area here.
Level 4: Managed. There are 2 KPAs in this level. Understanding of data
Level 5: Optimizing. There are 3 KPAs in this level. The focus here is continual improvement.
As we move from level 1 to 5, the project risk decreases and quality and productivity increases.
(KPA can be compared to Clause in ISO standards). Level1: Initial or Ad-hoc. There are no KPAs in this level.
Level 1 is immature state. The software process is characterized as adhoc, and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes are defined, and success depends on individual effort. Here there is no objective basis for judging product quality or for solving product or process problems. Therefore product quality is difficult to predict. Activities intended to enhance quality such as reviews and testing are often curtailed or eliminated when projects fall behind schedule. Highlights of this level:
The processes with in this level are highly unstable and unpredictable.
The projects are purely person dependent. Ie, when the persons involved leave the project or the company, things come to a halt. Also the performance depends on the capabilities of the individuals rather than the organizational capability.
As we move from level1 to level5, the project risk decreases and quality and productivity increases.
Level2: Repeatable. There are 6 KPAs in this level. KPAs at this level look at project planning and execution.
Repeatable, as the word reveals, means that processes employed in the project are repeatable. Basic project management principles are established to track cost, schedule, and functionality. The necessary process discipline is in place to repeat earlier success on projects with similar applications using best practices from past projects.
Projects in these organizations have installed basic software management controls. Highlights of this level:
Realistic project commitments are based on the results observed on previous projects and on the requirements of the current project.
The project managers for a project track software costs, schedules, and functionality. The problems meeting commitments are identified when they arise.
The projects process is under the effective control of a project management system, following realistic plans based on the performance of previous projects.
It involves establishing and maintaining an agreement with the customer on the requirements for the software project.
Goal: software plans, products, and activities are kept consistent with the system requirements allocated to software.
Software Project Planning:
This involves establishing reasonable plans for performing the software engineering and for managing the software project. Software project planning involves developing estimates for the work to be performed, establishing the necessary commitments, and defining the plan to perform the work.
Goal: software estimates are documented for use in planning and tracking the software project.
Software Project Tracking:
To provide the adequate visibility into actual progress so that management can take effective actions when the software project’s performance deviates significantly from the software plans.
Software project tracking and oversight involves tracking and reviewing the software accomplishments and results against documented estimates, commitments, and plans and adjusting these plans based on the actual accomplishments and results.
Goal: Actual results and performances are tracked against the software plans. A documented (Project Plan) is used for tracking.
Software Subcontract Management:
The purpose of software subcontract management is to select qualified software subcontractors and manage them effectively.
Software Quality Assurance
The purpose of the Software Quality Assurance is to provide management with appropriate visibility into the process being used by the software project and of the products being built. Software Quality Assurance involves reviewing and auditing the software products and activities to verify that they comply with the applicable procedures and standards and providing the software project and other appropriate managers with the results of these reviews and audits.
Goal: Software Quality Assurance activities are planned. Software Configuration Management:
The purpose of the Software Configuration Management is to establish and maintain the integrity of the products of the software project throughout the project’s software life cycle. A software baseline library is established containing the software baselines as they are developed. Changes to baselines and the release of software products built from the software baseline library are systematically controlled via the change control and configuration auditing functions of Software Configuration Management.
Goal: Software Configuration Management activities are planned. Selected work products are identified and controlled. Changes to work products are controlled.
Level2 is concentrated on project level processes, Level3 looks from the organizational view point.
Level3: Defined.
The software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized, and integrated into a standard SW process for the organization (E.g. Software Configuration Management process). All projects use approved and tailored versions of the organizations standard software process for developing and maintaining software. Data and information from projects is regularly and systematically collected and organized so that the same can be reused by other projects.
There are 7 KPAs in this level. Organizational process is the focus area here. Organizational Process Focus:
The purpose of the Organizational Process Focus is to establish the organizational responsibility for software process activities that improve the organizations overall software process capability.
The important goal of this KPA is software process development and improvement activities are coordinated across the organization.
To do an effective job of identifying and using the best practices, organizations must establish a group with that responsibility and build a plan for how the organization will improve its process. Such as a plan should include periodic assessments of the organizations process maturity, leading to plans for improvement in capability. This process engineering is done by SEPG, which looks out for the interest of every project in the organization.
Organizational Process Maturity:
The purpose of this KPA is to provide a usable set of software processes assets that improve process performance across projects. This involves developing and maintaining the organization’s standard software process, along with related process assets.
Some goals of the KPA are to have a standard software process for the organization. Information related to the use of process by projects is collected and reviewed. Descriptions of software life cycles that are approved for use by the projects are documented and maintained. The organizations software process database is established and maintained. Training Program:
The purpose of this KPA is to develop the skills and knowledge if individuals so they can perform their roles effectively and efficiently.
Training Program involves first identifying the training needed by the organization, projects, and individuals, then developing or procuring training to address the identified needs. Each software project evaluates its current and future skills needs and determines how these skills will be obtained. Some skills are effectively and efficiently imparted through informal methods, where as other skills need more formal training methods to be effectively and efficiently imparted.
Integrated Software Management:
The purpose of Integrated Software Management is to integrate the software engineering and management activities into a coherent, defined software process that is tailored from the organizations standard software process.
Software Product Engineering:
The purpose of the Software Product Engineering is to consistently perform a well defined engineering process that integrates all the software engineering activities to produce correct, consistent software products effectively and efficiently. Software Product Engineering involves performing the engineering tasks to build and maintain the software using the projects defined products and appropriate methods and tools.
Level4: Managed. There are 2 KPAs in this level. Understanding of data
Level5: Optimizing. There are 3 KPAs in this level. The focus here is continual improvement.
Software Testing 10 Rules 1. Test early and test often.
2. Integrate the application development and testing life cycles. You'll get better results