La mayoría considera que ocurrirá después del 2009 antes de 2020* Tema

Exactly how many Estonians EVWs ended up working in Scotland, we don’t know. From the Official Report of debates in Parliament12 in 15 June 1948, we know that up to that time, all together 5,495 European voluntary workers had been placed in work in Scotland. 3,858 of these were placed in agriculture, and the remainder in other occupations. Hours of work and wages were the same as for British workers. The EVWs were paid minimum 90 p. per week and were charged 30 p. per week for board and lodging. Tannahill (1958:62) has noted that after early 1949, no EVWs were placed in agricultural work, due to its seasonal nature and outsiders’ complaints of idling EVWs in the slack season.

Nowadays in Scotland, according to the Scottish Government Report (Eirich, 2011) around half of recent immigrants were from the UK, around a quarter were from the EU and around a quarter were from elsewhere. New migrants were concentrated in the three main Scottish cities and were predominantly young, which can partly be explained by the relatively large inflow of students into Scotland. The 2007 migration report about Edinburgh13 states that In 2004- 2005, EU8 migrants made up approximately 30% of all overseas economic migration into Edinburgh and have filled vacancies that are vital to the growth of Edinburgh’s economy as well as contributing to council and other tax income.

12

http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1948/may/04/european-volunteer-workers

13

The data available from the 2001 Census showed that 78 people living in Scotland stated that their country of birth was Estonia. A question on national identity was not asked in 2001, but was included in the 2011 Census. According to this data, already 747 people had marked Estonia as their country of birth and 563 have an Estonian national identity, the table about language used at home (other than English) shows that amongst people over age of 3, only 324 people speak Estonian at home. (Scotland Census data, 2001). It may be so because of mixed marriages, or descendants of post-war Estonians who do not speak their mother tongue anymore, or the large number of Estonia’s Russian population whose country of origin (country of birth) is Estonia, but who do not speak Estonian.

This topic of course needs more detailed research, and therefore the National Records of Scotland were contacted within the parameters of this work in order to dig deeper and find out about these results. A Commissioned Request to receive more census data about Estonians in Scotland was made, however it became clear that because of the relatively small number of people involved, it was impossible to get very detailed data about every parameter. Therefore I decided to request additional data only about the group with

Estonian national identity. As there are not many Estonians left from the post-war period, it indicates that the majority of those people are indeed newcomers. According to this data, 563 people included Estonian national identity on the census, 194 of whom were men and 369 of whom were women. 106 of them were 19 or younger, the biggest group being 20-29 years old – 228 people. 195 people were aged 30-54, and only 34 people were older. By marital status, most of the people – 368 persons – in the census were single, 110 people were married and 85 people divorced, separated or widowed. If we look at the division by council area, the biggest group lived in Aberdeen (99 people). In Edinburgh there were 85 and in Glasgow 63 people with Estonian national identity. The rural areas with the most of Estonian identity bearers were South Lanarkshire (81), Aberdeenshire (35), Fife (34), Angus (30) and Scottish Highlands (26 persons). There were no-one registered in the biggest island groups (Shetlands, Orkneys). Amongst people 16 or over, the biggest group - 162 people had qualification which corresponds to postgraduate education. The second biggest group was Level 114 – there were 138 such persons. 118 people had Level 2 and 3

14 _{0 Grade, Standard Grade, Access 3 Cluster, Intermediate 1 or 2, GCSE, CSE, Senior Certification or}

equivalent; GSVQ Foundation or Intermediate, SVQ level 1 or 2, SCOTVEC Module, City and Guilds Craft or equivalent; Other school qualifications not already mentioned (including foreign qualifications)

(post-school, but pre-higher education) qualifications. 77 people with the Estonian national identity had no qualification at all. Divided by profession, 28% of them carried elementary occupation, 40% all together had more skilled occupations which needed some

professional training or education15 , but only 14% had the highest professional and managerial occupations16. This data shows that the overall education level amongst the Estonian identity bearers in Scotland is quite high, at the same time they fill much lower positions than the local average, which indicates downward social mobility17. It is

interesting also to observe the languages that people with Estonian national identity used at home. Surprisingly only 271 of them spoke Estonian at home, 149 spoke Russian18, 108 communicated in English. Strangely enough, also 9 of them spoke Polish, 6 Latvian and 7 other languages at home. Of course this could be, again, due to intermarriages and

relationships with other nationals.

Although this data is not enough to make any big conclusions, we can still draw some deductions from the information above. As we have information about the large number of students that have come to study in Scotland, thanks to the elimination of study fees, we can also partly assume that one of the most sizeable, if not the biggest group of Estonians currently living in Scotland are actually students.