Militar a través de las opciones personales

Note

A tick () indicates that the subject requires the use o that type o source, a cross () indicates that it should not be included while a circle (o) indicates that it is dependent on the nature o the question devised. In most cases, the nature o the question dictates the type o sources required and thus it may be the case that both primary and secondary sources are required. N otes have been added to provide additional clarity on the requirements either way.

Subjects

Primary

Secondary

Notes

Language A  o The analysis should largely be based on the primary

sources (that is, the text(s) being written about) rom which all supporting inormation can come.

Secondary sources can be used provided they are treated critically rather than merely accepted as the denitive interpretation.

Language B

Category 1: Language

Category 2: Culture and Society Category 3: Literature      o

With essays based on language or culture and society there is an expectation that reerence to both primary and secondary sources should be made.

With literature-based essays, the same rules as in language A apply. Biology a. Experiment-based essay b. N on-experiment-based essay  o  

a. The ocus with experim ent-based essays is the primary data produced as a result o the experim ent(s) con d u cted by the stu d ent. Secon d ary sou rces in th e orm o scien tic publications should be used to support a line o argument or indicate where the student has adapted their approach so as to produce diferent resu lts. A con sid eration o the q u ality o th e secondary source material should also be ofered to identiy limitations or weaknesses in approach, method and so orth. Note:

There are restrictions

placed on the use o animals and humans when

it comes to experiment-based essays. For more,

please check the IBs Animal Experimentation

Policy with your supervisor.

b. N on-experim en t-based (literatu re) essays sh ou ld efectively q u estion the reliability o the second ary sou rce m aterial u sed, and ofer som e critical insight into th e stren gths an d lim itation s o the m ethod ological approach es taken by the

Evaluate Organize Locate

Reseach question

Business management o  _{Essays in business management can rest on}

secondary source material entirely. Where primary research is used, it must provide quantitative and qualitative analysis directly relevant to the question. Chemistry a . _{Experiment-based essay} b. _{N on-experiment-based} essay  o  

See biology notes.

Classical Greek and Latin   _{Students should aim to reerence both types o}

source material. The text(s) studied will act as the primary source, while articles, reviews or other publications will constitute the secondary source material.

Computer Science o  _{Essays in computer science can be based on}

secondary source material entirely. A large number o such sources should be used where possible with the proviso that the most up-to-date material is ound in every instance.

Primary source material, in the orm o programme runs or statistical charts, can also be used provided they are reliably constructed and relevant to the question.

Dance   _{Dance essays lean heavily towards primary}

source material (or example, interviews o dance practitioners or students own dance experiences) . Secondary source material (or example, texts about dance) should be used only as evidential support o your own perspective or argument. Challenging the position o a secondary source is also encouraged.

Design technology  _{o Due to the practical nature o this subject, most}

essays will ocus on the design, implementation, benets and efectiveness o your chosen

product(s) . A common approach would be to include data in the orm o statistical charts, diagrams or tables gathered rom user surveys and/or interviews o the product in action. M ore commonly, the sources used will oten include your own data gathered rom the trialling o a material, product or specic design, its experimentation or efectiveness, resilience or user-riendliness and so on or the production o models. Primary experimentation, however, is not a mandatory requirement although it does tend to lead to signicantly better essays in design technology.

Economics a . _{Research-based} b. _Source-based  o o 

Source requirements or economics essays are highly dependent on the nature o the question. Questions that invite and are dependent upon you conducting primary research (or example, interviews, surveys or questionnaires) are highly advisable though not mandatory. Essays based purely on secondary source materials (or example, economic data rom the International M onetary Fund (IM F) and World Trade Organization (WTO) ) are perectly easible provided the question has a sufciently narrow scope. Essays that combine primary and secondary sources are also ne, provided both sets o sources are shown to be directly relevant to the question. Environmental systems and

societies (ESS) a . _{Experiment/Fieldwork-} based b. _{N on-experiment/Fieldwork-} based  o o 

Data gathered rom experiments or eldwork can constitute the entire basis or a successul essay in ESS, provided that detailed descriptions o the procedures used are given so that the work can be repeated independently. Essays based solely on secondary source material are also easible, provided that a wide range o sources are used and that consideration or the reliability (or lack thereo) o said sources is made in the body o the essay. Some indication o how the material was created or the experiments it rests upon must also be noted in the essay.

Film  _{o As with a language A essay (see above) , the primary}

ocus o a lm essay should be the primary source itsel (that is, the lm) . Secondary sources can be used to support your line o argument but should not replace it. Secondary sources may also be challenged in the essay, rather than simply accepted as the denitive interpretation.

Geography o  _{Successul geography essays can be based solely}

on published secondary source material, however, a wide range o such sources would be required in this instance. Primary source work (or example, eldwork data and questionnaires) , although not mandatory, is highly advisable as it tends to produce stronger essays in this subject and thus yield higher results. In both cases, a critical evaluation o the sources/ approach ollowed is required.

Global politics o  _{Essays in global politics require you to situate your}

question within existing theories or arguments related to the subject. As such, reerences to secondary source materials (or example, textbooks and books on ethics) are mandatory. The use o primary source material (or example, interviews and surveys) , although not mandatory, is highly advised as it tends to result in a

H istory o  _{Essays in history should aim to use both primary}

and secondary sources, although the IB recognizes that this may not always be possible with certain topics and thus is not mandatory. However, i primary source material is readily available, Extended Essays in history are expected to make reerence to them. A prim ary sou rce in history is d eem ed to be any arteact rom the time in question, while a secondary sou rce is an y th in g written a bou t th a t tim e bu t produced later. A critical analysis o the value and limitations o the sources used (both primary and secondary) by means o investigating their origin and purpose is also required. Factual data and historians views should be used to support the students own argument without replacing it.

Inormation technology in a global society (ITGS)

  _{ITGS essays require the use o a wide range o both}

prim ary and secon dary sou rces. Whats m ore, an attem pt shou ld be m ade to su pport (or contest) ndings in secondary source material with primary source work (or example, interviews and surveys) . The selection o source material (that is, the approach the essay takes) should also be briefy and critically assessed in the body o the essay.

Literature and perormance   _{Due to the interdisciplinary nature o the subject,}

any Extended Essay in literature and perormance will require a thorough understanding o the primary text(s) studied and the context in which they have been transormed rom one medium (text) to another (perormance) . This means that although the primary ocus is the text itsel (as with language A essays) , th e key d ieren ce h ere is th a t a com preh en sive u n d ersta n d in g o th e pre-existin g h istorica l a n d cultural context is required in order to better evaluate the transorm ation (text to perorm ance) aspect. As su ch, second ary sou rce m aterial (or exam ple, literary critiques and critical evaluations) are required a s pa rt o a n y litera tu re a n d perorm a n ce essa y . This can be supplemented with personal analyses o perormances seen in galleries, cinemas, theatres and other perormance spaces by the student.

M athematics  _{o Essa y s in m ath em a tics ca n rely solely on th e}

a n a l y ses o th e d a ta prod u ced by y ou r own calculations or applications o the mathematical ormulae associated with the diering mathematical disciplines. Secondary source material can be utilized i the ocus o the question demands considerations o external proos or approaches (or example, the application o a historical mathematical theorem on a contemporary school o mathematics) .

M usic   _{M usic essays must analyse the primary source}

rst and oremost (or example, perormances and scores) , however, secondary sources should also be used to provide support to the points raised by the student in the body o their essay. Where secondary sources are used, they must be used to support your own line o argument and not act as a substitute or it. An awareness o the value and limitations o the primary source(s) used is also required.

Peace and confict studies o  _{It is a m andatory req u irem ent th at essay s in this}

subject reer to at least one text that describes theories u nd erpin nin g peace and conf ict. Th ere is a list o texts contained within the subject guide or peace and confict studies that will be very useul or this aspect (speak to your IB Coordinator) . Primary source material can also be used (such as interviews and surveys) wh ere a pp ropria te. Th is wil l b ecom e m a n d a tory when there is not much secondary source material in existence on the chosen topic (or example, a confict within a local community or school) .

Philosophy   _{Primary sources in philosophy include the works o}

the philosophers themselves (e.g. M ichel Foucaults Th e Order of Th in gs) wh erea s secon d a ry sou rces wou ld in clu d e a ll oth er texts written a bou t th ese works (in clu d in g textbooks, a rticles, books a n d encyclopedias) . Essays in philosophy should always begin with the primary sources while making use o secondary source material to urther support a line o argument or analysis. Reliance on textbooks alone will produce poor philosophy essays and should be avoided. Physics a . _{Experiment-based essay} b. _{N on-experiment-based} essay  o  

See biology notes.

Politics o  _{Secondary sources (books about political theory) are}

a mandatory requirement or essays in politics. The student is expected to situate their question within relevant and existing theories o politics. Prim ary sources (or example, interviews and surveys) can be o use when the chosen topic is local in nature (or instance, an electoral process in a local community) bu t will still n eed to be grou n d ed in esta blish ed politica l th eory (or in stan ce, by sh owin g a n understanding o the democratic process) .

Psychology   Psychology Extended Essays are expected to be seen as analytical investigations into an area o interest rather than primary research to test a hypothesis. Under no circumstances are students to engage in their own experiments or case studies as this is deemed inappropriate or essays in psychology. Instead, students should reerence secondary source material as a minimum expectation (such as journals and textbooks) while making reerence to pre-existing research material (or example, case studies and experiment-based data by recognized psychologists or institutions) as appropriate.

Social and cultural anthropology o  There is an expectation that all essays in this subject are rooted in a good understanding o anthropological theories and/or concepts. As such, reerence to works by accepted anthropologists is highly advised. Primary source material can be included but must not be the core ocus o the essay. A consideration o the value and limitations o the methodological approach ollowed to generate the data is also expected i primary source material is used.

Sports, exercise and health science a . _{Experiment-based essay} b. _{N on-experiment-based} essay  o  

See Biology notes.

Theatre   Theatre Extended Essays require the use o both

primary (the works themselves, artists, perormances and so orth) and secondary sources (articles, books, journals and so on) . You may also m ake use o their own primary data generated rom interviews with theatre practitioners or visits to theatres and galleries or even the students own experiences o perormances.

Visual arts   Visual Arts Extended Essays must analyse the

primary source(s) frst and oremost (such as art and artists) , however secondary sources should also be used to provide support to the points raised in the body o their essay. Where secondary sources are used, they must be used to support your own line o argument and not act as a substitute or it.

World religions   Essa y s in world religion s work best wh en th ey

evaluate the established approaches to religion as they appear in secondary sources (or example, works about religion) against the data collected rom primary sources (or example, the sacred texts, interviews with religious fgures or a community o believers) . In both cases, sources should not automatically be treated as representative or authoritative.

World studies   _{World studies is unique in that it requires students}

to combine two subject methodologies (or example, history and visual arts) . As such, the type o sources reerenced will depend on the two chosen subjects. Reer to the specifc subject inormation listed above or additional insight.