Capítulo 2: Conducta prosocial
2.3 Motivaciones de las conductas prosociales
The arrangement of the fruit-body is as follows: the calyx will be outside the corolla, and the stamens inside the corolla, but they will be placed outside the pistils. The exceptions are comparatively rare, Section 111.
The receptacle connects the calyx, corolla, and stamens in four ways.
a. The receptacle is at the base of the ovary; as in most [plants]. The pistil goes off into fruit. Tournefort.
b. The receptacle is at the tip of the ovary; as in many [plants]. The calyx goes off into fruit. Tournefort.
c. The receptacle encircles the ovary or fruit: as in various Saxifragas. d. The receptacle goes about the ovary, and it is extended above through the
perianth, as in [plants] with twenty stamens, Ribes, Mitella, etc.
The perianth and the corolla originate close to each other, so that if the corolla is situated on or under the ovary, the same is true of the perianth. Exceptions are rare. Section 100.
The perianth of Hepatica is distant from the corolla at its actual base; therefore it can hardly be a perianth, but rather an involucre; and this is confirmed by the related Pulsatilla.
The ovary is small before fertilization; then it grows out large.
Musa is peculiar, since its ovaries are at their largest before flowering; and, if not
fertilized, they quite often ripen when barren, though they hardly increase in mass.
98. The
D I F F E R I N Gstructure (93) of the fruit-body is derived from those
parts that often differ in various plants.
This will be the foundation of the genera and their characters. The more natural the class is, the less obvious is this structure. Every peculiar structure is a differing one, but not vice versa.
99. The
C A LY Xdiffers as to α. number, composition, parts, and lappets. β.
shape, evenness, edge and tip. γ. proportion. δ. location and duration.
Number: none: Tulipa, Fritillaria, and most of the Lily family.
single: Primula and most flowers.
double: Malva, Hibiscus, and Bixa.
Composition: overlapping, from the various scales’ being placed one on top of another: Hieracium, Sonchus, and Camellia.
scalled, from the scales being spread out very extensively:
augmented (with epicalyx, Vaill[ant]), where a shorter, different series of leaves encircles the base of the calyx: Corepsis, Bidens,
Crepis, and Dianthus.
with many flowers, shared by many florets: Scabiosa and [flowers]
with anthers united.
Parts: with only one leaf: Datura and Primula.
with two leaves: Papaver and Fumaria (including bulbosa). with three leaves: Tradescantia.
with four leaves: Sagina, Epimedium, and tetradynamia. with five leaves: Citrus, Adonis, Gerbera.
with six leaves: Berberis. with ten leaves: Hibiscus.
Lappets: counted, especially in those with only one leaf. entire: Genipa.
divided into two: Utricularia.
divided into three: Alisma and Cliffortia. divided into four: Rhinanthus.
divided into five: Nicotiana. divided into six: Pavia. divided into eight: Tormentilla.
divided into ten: Potentilla and Fragaria. divided into twelve: Lythrum.
Evenness: even: Lychnis.
uneven: Helianthemum. Tournefort.
with alternate [leaves] shorter: Tormentilla and Potentilla. Shape: spherical: Cucubalus.
club-shaped: Silene. bent back: Asclepias. erect: Primula and Nicotiana.
Edge: perfectly entire: in most [flowers]. serrated: species of Hypericum. ciliated: species of Centaurea.
Tip: sharp: Primula and Androsace. taper-pointed: Hyoscyamus. blunt: Nymphaea and Garcinia.
with a single truncated denticle: Verbena.
Proportion: longer than the corolla: Agrostemma, Sagina, and species of
Antirrhinum.
even with the corolla: species of Cerastium. shorter than the corolla: Silene.
Location: of the flower: Linnaea and Morina. of the fruit: Linnaea and Morina. of the fruit-body: Paeonia.
Duration: falling early, at the first opening of the flower: Papaver and
Epimedium.
falling late with the corolla: tetradynamia and Berberis. lasting until the fruit is ripe: didynamia.
THE INVOLUCRE: with only one leaf: Bupleurum. with two leaves: Euphorbia.
with three leaves: Butomus and Alisma. with four leaves: Cornus.
with five leaves: Daucus. with six leaves: Haemanthus. THE SHEATH: with only one leaf: Narcissus.
with two leaves: Stratiotes
[with] overlapping [leaves]: Musa.
100. The
C O R O L L Adiffers (98) as to α. petals, lappets, and nectaries (110);
β. shape, evenness, and edge; γ. proportion; and δ. location and
duration.
Petals: the number of them is established by Rivinus’ system: Section 61. With only one petal: Convolvulus and Primula.
With two petals: Circaea and Commelina. With three petals: Alisma and Sagittaria. With four petals: tetradynamia.
With five petals: umbellate [plants].
With six petals: Tulipa, Lilium, and Podophyllum. With nine petals: Thea, Magnolia, and Liriodendron. With many petals: Nymphaea.
Lappets: rather rare in those with many petals; frequent in those with only one petal; of the former:
Two [lappets]: Alsine and Circaea. Three: Holosteum and Hypecoum. Four: Lychnis.
Five: Reseda.
Nectaries: about these, see Section 110.
Shape: wavy: Gloriosa. folded: Convolvulus.
rolled back: Asparagus and Medeola.
twisted: Nerium, Asclepias, Vinca, and natural order 29.
Evenness: even: Primula. uneven: Butomus.
regular: Aquilegia. irregular: Aconitum and Lamium.
Edge: scalloped: Linum. serrated: Tilia and Alisma.
with denticles placed in between: Samolus, Sideroxylon and [plants]
with rough leaves. Ray.
with hairy surface: Menyanthes and Hyperici Lasianthus.
Proportion: very long: Catesbaea, Siphonanthus, Brunfelsia, and Craniolaria. very short: Sagina, Centunculus, Ribes.
Location: the base of the corolla is near to the perianth, provided that it is present. There are rare examples of the corollas being distant from the calyx, with the ovary placed in between; as Adoxa, Sanguisorba, and Mirabilis.
Duration: lasting (till the fruit is ripe): Nymphaea.
falling early (when the flower opens): Actaea and Thalictrum. falling late (when the flower falls off): most [corollas].
decaying (it withers, but does not fall off): Campanula, Orchis,
Cucumis, Cucurbita, Bryonia, and those related to it in natural order
45.