Necesidades Educativas Especiales no Asociadas

An ontology for agriculture should be a description of the concepts, identify their structure, relations between them and also determine the manner in which it must understand the concepts and relationships. This approach is the basis for the design and implementation of knowledge management applications in agriculture. The first historically ontologies connected with agricultural issues arose in the field of biology [4]. The need for biological ontologies has risen in recent years in large part due to the rapid development of large biological databases. Especially in ge- netics was created Gene Ontology (GO), it is a collaborative effort to address the need for consistent descriptions of gene products in different databases. GO is a part of bigger initiative Open Biomedical Ontologies (abbreviated OBO; formerly Open Biological Ontologies) [14].It is an effort to create controlled vocabularies for shared use across different biological and medical domains. We have to note that there was developed special format for ontology representation called OBO format. Important initiative in the ontologies related to agriculture is the Animal Trait Ontology developed by the European Animal Disease Genomics Network of Excellence for Animal Heath and Safety Food with partners [11]. Following is Plant Ontology which objective is to integrate species-specific vocabulary terms into unified flowering-plant ontologies for rice, maize, Arabidopsis and other An- giosperms [15]. Other known ontologies are Gramene Ontologies [10], Ontology for Maze developed in Maize Mapping Project [12] and Ontologies & Controlled Vocabularies for Gene Annotation of Arabidopsis developed by The Arabidopsis Information Resource [18]. In the agricultural sector there exist some well- established and authoritative controlled vocabularies, such as FAO’s AGROVOC Thesaurus and the National Agricultural Library Thesaurus in the United States. However, for semantic tools to be entirely effective on the Internet, there is a need to move towards ontologies. At the moment there are not many ontologies dedi- cated strictly to agriculture, but the FAO Agricultural Information Management Standards (AIMS) website is an most interesting initiative. Its goal is to improving coherence among agricultural information systems that will make such systems interoperable. The objectives of AIMS are to create a clearing house for informa- tion management standards, and to share and promote the use of common method- ologies and tools.[2]. The part of AIMS is Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS), which objective is to serve as a reference initiative that structures and standardises agricultural terminology in multiple languages for use of any number of systems in the agricultural domain and provide several services. The purpose of the AOS is to achieve more interoperability between agricultural systems [3]. Next part of AIMS website is the Agricultural Metadata Element Set (AgMES), this initiative aims to encompass issues of semantic standards in the domain of agriculture with respect to description, resource discovery, interoperability and metadata exchange for differ- ent types of information resources. Finally FAO has been concerned with develop-

ing a new model for the AGROVOC thesaurus that accounts for semantic and lexi- cal relations in more refined and precise ways. The objective is to build a multilin- gual repository of concepts in the agricultural domain, the Concept Server (CS). The CS will serve as a base repository from where to build domain specific ontolo- gies and export traditional thesauri, as well as other forms of knowledge organiza- tion systems. According to mentioned initiatives there are many other semantic technologies at FAO [17].

6. CONCLUSION

To ensure interoperability among information systems in agriculture, well- defined standards are necessary. XML-based standards seem to be the best solu- tion. At the moment there is no leading standard in agriculture, but it seems that the most promising initiative is AgroXML. There is necessity to start in Poland re- search how to integrate Polish systems with AgroXML. Well defined standard does not support automatic interoperability at semantic level. The direction of develop- ment towards an ontology will allow such cooperation available. One can conclude that RDF and OWL formats are most promising. Right now good start point to prepare agricultural ontology is AGROVOC Concept Server and FAO experience. AgroXML can be developing towards ontology and ultimately can provide coop- eration among agricultural information systems at semantic level.

Scientific work financed from funds for science in the years 2010-2011 as research project No. N N310 038538

REFERENCES

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[10] Gramene Ontologies Database, http://www.gramene.org/plant_ontology/.

[11] Hughes, L. M., Bao J., Hu Z., Honavar V. G., Reecy J. M. (2008). Animal Trait On-

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[12] Maze Mapping Project, http://www.maizemap.org/ [13] Ontology definition,

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[15] Plant Ontology website, http://www.plantontology.org

[16] Resource Description Framework, Publication date: 2004-02-10, www.w3.org/RDF/ [17] Sini M. (2009) Semantic Technologies at FAO, www.iskoi.org/doc/fao.ppt [18] The Arabidopsis Information Resource, http://www.arabidopsis.org/

ONTOLOGY OF E-COMMERCE APPLICATION FUNCTIONALITY