VI. METODOLOGIA DEL ESTUDIO
3) Objetivo Específico 3
Research, Development and Innovation is one of the core pillar of the Lisbon strategy, fully contributing to the development of the European competitive knowledge based society. The production of knowledge, as output of the research activities, is critically dependent on the competitiveness of the human capital employed in this sector. In Romania, the number of employees in R&D decreased significantly since 1996, as shown in the analysis. This evolution is unfavourable affecting the potential for creating knowledge of the Romanian R&D sector. The situation is even more critical if it is taken into consideration the ageing trend of HR employed in this sectors, especially in universities and research institutes. The main causes reside also in low wages and low attractiveness of the career in research, especially for young university graduates. Romania is experiencing the same weakness as Europe in terms of the valorisation of the results of the research.
The high demands of a knowledge based economy require that together with researchers a high number of doctoral graduates exists in Romania. The researching carried out by talented people who otherwise would not have the means to attend such programmes shall be beneficial to addressing the high demands of a society based on competitiveness and scientific creativity.
High levels of higher education qualifications are widely acknowledged to be associated with increased levels of productivity, output growth and standards of living. Almost all Member States face the challenges of mobilising more resources and using them effectively in meeting the strategic goals of society with maximum efficiency.
Publicly subsidised higher education is heavily reliant on tax revenues at a time when there are growing pressures to contain public spending. Other priorities such as increasing spending on pensions, medical care, or combating social exclusion, also impose pressure on the public education budget. In addition, within education budgets (including nonsignificant private investments), the higher education sector follows in investments the primary and secondary education, early childhood education and care, and continuous education.
The European Commission underlines that across Europe, in the context of public budget constraints, greater emphasis is being placed on improving the economic dimension of education and training, but the social dimension of learning is often ignored with a high cost e.g. in terms of crime, health and other social expenditures 45 .
Currently, the EU spends only 1.2% of GDP on higher education institutions (including both public and private funding, for all activities performed, including education, research and other) compared to 2.6% in the US. The Commission has proposed that the EU should aim, within a decade, to devote at least 2% of GDP to the higher education sector for all its activities (including both public and private funding) 46 .
By investing in public higher educational services, Romanian Government can contribute to productivity and encourage jobcreating investment. In 2006, 0.98% of Romanian GDP was allocated for higher education, out of which 0.16% were spent for doctoral studies. For 2007 it is envisaged that 1.2% of GDP will be spent for higher education. So far, postdoctoral programmes did not receive public funds.
The promotion of postgraduate education shall provide openness towards new areas of research shall attract more people in new directions of scientific investigation, shall stimulate critical and independent thinking. With this, professionalism shall be promoted, as well as civic responsibility, in the spirit of the European values and of understanding that culture is a key factor for growth.
The areas where doctoral programmes shall be encouraged are those provided by the National Strategy on Research, Development and Innovation 20072013, which sets out the action framework for RDI during 20072013. The ESF funded operations shall follow the 9 priority areas identified in the Strategy, that have the highest potential in achieving economic and social progress: ICT; energy; environment; health; agriculture, food safety and security; biotechnology; innovative materials, processes and products; space and security; humanities, social and economic research.
At the same time, in relation with the national IMPACT Programme, the operations under this Key Area of Intervention shall support the research perspectives for economic and technological development and innovation. The activities for the development of specialised expertise shall be correlated so as to bring them in line with the productive sector.
The integration of research outcomes into teaching activities, especially in case of university education, fully contributes to the development of knowledge based society. Innovation shall generate and shall favour the integration of results from research activities in the economic and social field.
Doctoral programs are part of the university education, according to the Bologna cycles. The doctoral programs are delivering PhD graduates who are one of the most important HR in research sector, since doctoral graduates are equipped with the knowledge and competences for research activities, and at a very limited extent for teaching. Thus, doctoral programs prepare their students to become researchers and should be encouraged to do so. The high costs of such programs and the limited state funding/support for doctoral candidates, master
45 “Efficiency and equity in European education and training systems” (Communication from the Commission to the Council and to the European Parliament) adopted on 8 September 2006
46 Communication from the Commission “Delivering on the modernization agenda for universities: education, research and innovation”, COM (2006)208, 10 May 2006
graduates seem to prefer to insert in the labour market rather than continuing their education to third cycle of university education (doctoral programmes). Support for doctoral candidates and for postdoctoral programmes complies with the strategic objectives of National RDI Plan. The positive outcomes of Romanian universities in offering and developing joint degrees and doctoral studies could be mainstreamed and extended with ESF support. All the above are representing opportunities for increasing participation in doctoral programmes and improving postdoctoral research positions.
In order to create a more attractive research environment in Romania, the National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy 20072013 was adopted. The document took into consideration the vision of the Romanian society concerning the role of science, technology and innovation for the development of the knowledgebased society in Romania, targeting the economic and social progress. By launching the Strategy, Romania demonstrates its decision to build up a knowledgebased society, opened to international values and competition. The international cooperation and partnership in advanced research, in terms of general scientific and technological interest, will be fostered. This will lead to the increase of the Romanian RDI system competitiveness.
By the National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy 20072013, Romania intends to reach the European average for the basic indicators describing the structure and performance of the system. Thus, it will be created the base for dealing with niche areas, where Romania has the critical mass and the needed leadership. Meanwhile, the Strategy will support the social and economic development of Romania, having the opportunity to create a knowledgebased economy, competitive at the global level.
Among actions aimed at creating a more attractive research environment in Romania, a strategic and comprehensive approach on Human Resources policies will be adopted by public authorities and research organisations (Universities, Research Centres, etc.). This also implies the adoption and implementation of key EU legislative and policy acts, such as the Recommendation of the European Commission on the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for their recruitment" (COM (2005) 575 of 11/03.2005) and the transposition of the directive on Council Directive 2005/71/EC of 12 October 2005 on a specific procedure for admitting thirdcountry nationals for the purposes of scientific Research (OJ L 289 of 3.11.2005). Romania will also pay the necessary attention to the acquis in the field of education and research.
The proposed indicative operations shall aim at supporting candidates to graduate doctoral and postdoctoral programmes and at improving the research aspects of the Modernisation Agenda for Universities, in order to further develop pools of highly specialised researchers in the RDI sector in a interdisciplinary approach The operations that will be developed under this key area of intervention shall support participation through learning mobility to doctoral and postdoctoral programmes, also through programmes developed in cooperation with other European universities. In order to develop doctoral and postdoctoral schools, as self established administrative structures, there will be encouraged joint degrees for the 3 rd Bologna cycle, continuous training for university teachers (who perform both academic and research activities) and researchers (from universities and research centres/institutes). Through the SOP will be supported the doctoral and postdoctoral programmes aiming to improve both, the transfer of knowledge between universities, research centres/institutes and enterprises, and the networking between actors involved in the RDI sector and the market economy.
Empirical evidences indicate low valorisation of research outputs into economic activities at the level of enterprises through spin offs and spin outs. On one hand there is a low level of involvement of researchers in valorisation the results of their activity in order to be transferred at the level of enterprises, and on the other hand, a low interest of enterprises in using the research results. These weaknesses will be addressed by developing managerial skills modules as part of doctoral and postdoctoral programmes supported in order to increase the ability of researchers to deal with enterprises needs for innovation (to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises on the economic market). In this context, doctoral and postdoctoral programmes contribute to the achievement of the Lisbon goals. Indicative operations − Strengthening the national doctoral and postdoctoral system, including support for networking universities, research centres and enterprises;
− Supporting doctoral and postdoctoral programmes by innovating the contents, including the development of researchers managerial skills to promote the valorisation of research outputs in economic activities;
− Support for doctoral candidates and senior researchers to participate to doctoral programmes and postdoctoral research positions, including transnational co operation and learning mobility.