5.5 Selecci´on de servicios de miner´ıa de datos
5.5.5 Propuesta optimizaci´on con MOEA
5.5.5.1 Representaci´on de las soluciones
Figure 6.1 shows that relative advantage (see details in sections 3.3 and 5.3) contains four factors: flexible support, license costsaving, extensibility, and reliability, which will now be discussed in detail. The discussion will examine these factors in terms of the economic benefits, image enhancement, convenience and satisfaction benefits in using OSS and, therefore, as motivations or drivers in the adoption of OSS. Afterwards, the influences of these factors on the adoption of OSS will be explained.
Flexible Support
The first factor is flexible support. Based on the triangulation of related data (see Appendix F.1 – Flexible ITSupport), this factor is defined as a perception of the convenience of using OSS over a predecessor system and incorporates features such as access to freesupport, publicaccess support, customised support, and cooperative support. The justification for this definition is that evidence from multiple cases fit with the feature 'convenience benefit' in using OSS and, therefore, suggests that the evidence are contexts of 'relative advantage' (see section 5.3) and forms of flexible support. To support this argument, three forms of flexible support will now be discussed.
The first form is access to freesupport. The participant in case C04 observed that freesupport makes OSS convenient to use because it allows OSS users the benefit of direct interaction with developers when resolving problems (see case C04, Appendix F.1 – Flexible ITSupport).
The participant in case C03 observed that access to direct help from the OSS projects community is an advantage over commercial software where one is unlikely to have access to such help (see case C03, Appendix F.1 – Flexible ITSupport).
The second form is publicaccess support. The empirical evidence suggests that there is openness and therefore convenience of access to support in using OSS because of the public
access to, and provision of, support (see case C05, Appendix F.1 – Flexible ITSupport). The participant in case C05 also observed that there is no limit to who can participate in resolving problems with the software (see case C05, Appendix F.1 – Flexible ITSupport), suggesting
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that cooperative and collaborative efforts in OSS communities enhance the convenience of providing public support.
The third form is customised support. The participant in case C09 observed that customised support enabled OSS users to get help on a onetoone basis, more focused on individual user needs and problems with using OSS (see case C09, Appendix F.1 – Flexible ITSupport), thus suggesting that users get the convenience of personalised help and support services that are focused on individual/user problems.
While the above forms of flexible support suggest that there are diverse forms of support for the use of OSS, the discussions in the literature analysis (see section 2.4.2 and Dedrick and West 2004; Geira 2004; Wang and Wang 2001) suggest that there is lack of support for OSS.
Some studies have argued that access to support is difficult due to limited IT staff with skills necessary to support complex OSS requirements (Dedrick and West 2004; Geira 2004) and that technical support for OSS from commercial entities was scare but comprehensive (Wang and Wang 2001). However, the increasing popularity of OSS appears to be changing these views. For example, the factor 'flexible support' identified in this study and recent literature (see, for example, Fitzgerald 2006; Geira 2004; Lakhani and von Hippel 2003; Overby et al.
2006), suggests that OSS support is accessible from diverse sources, including inhouse IT staff or commercial entities who provide customised support, and the OSS community which provides free and public access support. Thus, while there appear to be varying views on access to support in OSS adoption, the diverse arguments and forms of flexible support identified in this study show that this is an important factor that influences the adoption of OSS.
License CostSaving
The second factor is license costsaving. Based on the triangulation of related data (see Appendix F.2 – License CostSaving), this factor is defined as a perception of economic benefit in using OSS and incorporates features such as costfree licenses, liberal licensinglaws, and public access. This definition was developed based on the fit of evidence from multiple cases with the feature 'economic benefit' in using OSS, thus suggesting that the evidence are contexts of 'relative advantage' (see section 5.3) and forms of license costsaving. Three forms of license costsaving will now be discussed in support of this argument.
The first form is costfree licenses. The empirical evidence from the participant in case C01 suggests that free OSS licenses eliminate software license acquisition costs, and this was an K. Mijinyawa
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economic benefit to them (see case C01, Appendix F.2 – License CostSaving). This view of economic benefit is also supported by some characteristics of OSS: the license is free; the software is distributed through publicly open channels thus reducing costs for access; and licenses do not expire, therefore eliminating the need and costs associated with license auditing (Open Source Definition – OSD Version 1.9).
The second form is liberal licensinglaws. The participant in case C02 observed that liberal licensinglaws on OSS creates more costsavings per license because an OSS license allows use of multiple copies of the software (see case C02, Appendix F.2 – License CostSaving). The participant in case C04 also observed that not having to pay for licenses for each and every test server that is set up is a huge benefit (see Appendix F.2 – License CostSaving), suggesting an accumulative benefit in per server license cost saving.
The third form is public access. The evidence in this study suggests that OSS licenses offer a fair license costsaving to all regardless of individual or corporate status. The participant in case C05 observed that this is because OSS is free to the general public regardless of firm size, business sector, geographical location or organisational ITcapacity, unlike most proprietary software which are traditionally private, sequestered and exclusive (see case C05, Appendix F.2 – License CostSaving).
Cost saving was discussed in the literature analysis (see section 2.2.1 and Dedrick and West 2003; Fitzgerald and Kenny 2003; Forrester Consulting 2007; Geira 2004; Holck et al. 2004;
Larsen et al. 2004; Valimaki et al. 2005). Some studies acknowledge that there is a zero acquisition cost in the procurement of OSS licenses because they are 'free' to access and re
distribute (Fitzgerald 2004; Geira 2004; Holck et al. 2004; Kumar and Krishnan 2005). The context of cost saving in the literature supports the context of 'costfree licenses' identified in this study and therefore extends the analytical generalisability of license costsaving as defined in this study. However, the diverse contexts of financial savingsrelated factors identified in this study suggests that there is limited understanding of cost and cost savings related issues in the adoption of OSS. The issue of cost saving is expected to be of importance to SMEs who are characterised as having scarce resources including money and human resources (Houghton et al. 2001; Martin 2005; Martin and Matlay 2003; Poon and Swatman 1999; Simpson and Docherty 2004 ).
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Extensibility
The third factor is extensibility. Based on the triangulation of related data (see Appendix F.3 – Extensibility), this factor is defined as a perception of convenience in using OSS and incorporates features such as: public access to source code, freedom to modify OSS, and freedom of choice. The justification for this definition is that evidence from multiple cases fits with the feature 'convenience benefit' in using OSS and therefore suggests that the evidence are contexts of 'relative advantage' (see section 5.3) and forms of extensibility. This argument will now be supported using three forms of the factor.
The first form is access to source code. The empirical evidence suggests that there is a convenience in being able to access source code which allows the customisation of OSS to an organisation's own needs, and the use of source code to develop or extend a new innovation.
The participant in case C03 observed that access to source code enables users to independently modify the source code to adapt it to their needs (see case C03, Appendix F.3 – Extensibility). The participant in case C05 also observed that many users want to do innovative things that are not available from their vendors and therefore need the convenience of independent software development (see case C05, Appendix F.3 – Extensibility).
The second form is freedom of choice. The participant in case C05 observed that many software users want the freedom of choice of software that suits their needs rather than being tied to particular software from particular vendors (see case C05, Appendix F.3 – Extensibility). The participant in case C09 also observed that freedom of choice provides users with the convenience to independently select, upgrade and replace OSS according to the needs of the user rather than the mandated directions of the vendor and that this enable users to explore alternative software solutions or find more appropriate solutions (see case C09, Appendix F.3 – Extensibility). The freedom of choice gained from unrestricted access and choice is a particular characteristic of OSS licenses (see, Open Source Definition: OSD version 1.9 – www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php), suggesting that the freedom of choice in these views allows user the flexibility of selection and application of OSS.
The third form is freedom to modify software. The freedom to modify OSS is important and allows users the convenience to adapt OSS to their needs. The participant in case C08 observed that freedom to modify OSS allows users the convenience to independently develop software solutions that meet their demands for highquality or highspecification software
K. Mijinyawa
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(see case C08, Appendix F.3 – Extensibility). This is consistent with the open access to OSS source code which is a characteristic of OSS licenses (see OSD version 1.9).
The extensibility of OSS is one of the quality characteristics that was discussed in the literature analysis (see section 2.2.4 and Fitzgerald 2004; Overby et al. 2006; Raja and Barry 2005; Wang and Wang 2001). The extensibility of OSS has also been discussed in terms of customisability, robustness and reusability (Fitzgerald and Kenny 2003; Mannaert and Ven 2005; Valimaki et al. 2005). Although there is little help with the theoretical definition of this factor in the literature, its identification in diverse forms in this study, and its general discussion in the existing literature, suggests that it is an important characteristic and a factor that influences OSS adoption. In particular, the extensibility of OSS, which is enabled by access to the source code, was identified to be important to SMEs in the software development industry. Other forms of extensibility identified in this study (see above, 'freedom of choice' and 'freedom to modify software') also provide useful contexts for understanding this factor, more so we would argue than from the existing literature.
Reliability
The fourth factor is reliability. Based on the triangulation of related data (see Appendix F.4 – Reliability), this factor is defined as a perception of satisfaction in using OSS and incorporates features such as: high availability and scalability, high security, and low maintenance. This definition was developed based on the fit of evidence from multiple cases with the feature 'satisfaction benefit' in using OSS and therefore representing contexts of 'relative advantage' (see section 5.3) and forms of reliability. To support this argument, three forms of reliability will now be discussed.
The first form is high availability and scalability. The evidence suggests that the users were satisfied with the high quality of the OSS. The participants of case C03 and case C08 observed that OSS, such as the Linux operating system satisfies users needs for computing systems capable of high availability and scalability (see cases C03 and C08, Appendix F.4 – Reliability). The participant in case C01 also observed that there is high quality in OSS as a result of the collaborative approach in the development community (see case C01, Appendix F.4 – Reliability).
The second form is low maintenance. The participant in case C06 observed that little or no maintenance was required in their undisrupted use of services based on OSS over a long
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period (see Appendix F.4 – Reliability). This view suggests that the user was fulfilled and gratified by the little effort required for service continuity using the OSS.
The third form is high security. There appears to be user satisfaction with the high security of some OSS, such as the Linux operating system. The participant in case C08 observed that Linux is highly secure, leading the competition in this respect (see Appendix F.4 – Reliability).
This view about the quality of OSS has the support of the participant in case C01 who observed that the collaborative approach in the development community leads to high quality in OSS (see case C01, Appendix F.4 – Reliability).
Reliability in OSS is another quality characteristic that was discussed in the literature analysis (see section 2.2.4 and Glynn et al. 2005; Holck et al. 2004; Kumar and Krishnan 2005;
Overby et al. 2006; Raja and Barry 2005). The views from some of these studies suggest that high reliability in OSS reduces IT expenditure (Holck et al. 2004; Kumar and Krishnan 2005) and this is consistent with the 'low maintenance' form of reliability identified in this study.
Fitzgerald (2004) has also argued that high standards, configurability and robustness are some of the quality characteristics that make OSS such as Apache, Bind and the Linux operating system now seen as leading competitive products. These qualities fit with the 'high availability and scalability' features identified in this study and also suggest that while the quality characteristics of OSS are diverse and the knowledge about them is still emerging, there are key quality characteristics that drive the popularity of some OSS, such as those mentioned in this discussion.
Influence of Relative Advantages on OSS Adoption
The four factors of relative advantage – flexible support, license costsaving, extensibility, and reliability – have a positive influence on attitude towards the use of OSS. The justification for this relationship is that each factor, as discussed in section 6.3.1, is a form of 'relative advantage' which itself has a positive influence on 'attitude' (see Figure 6.1). This justification is consistent with proposition 1a which suggests that relative advantages have a positive influence on attitude toward the use of an OSS (see section 3.3.1). Based on the relationship and the definition of attitude (see section 3.3.1), we argue that the factors lead to the perceptions that using the particular OSS is good or favourable for the organisations.
The four factors also have a positive influence on the intention to use OSS, owing to their positive influence on 'attitude', which itself has a direct influence on intention (see Figure 6.1). This relationship is consistent with proposition 1 (see section 3.3.1), which suggests that K. Mijinyawa
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attitude towards the use of OSS has a direct influence on intention. The relationship and the definition of intention (see section 3.3.4) leads us to the explanation that the factors have a positive influence on the evaluation of all beliefs related to the use of the particular OSS.
There is a positive influence by the factors on the actual usage of OSS. This relationship stems from the factors' positive influence on 'intention' which itself is the immediate determinant of 'usage' (see Figure 6.1). The 'intention'–'usage' directrelationship is consistent with proposition 5 (see section 3.3.4), which suggests that intention to use an OSS has a direct influence on actual usage. Therefore, based on this relation and the definition of 'usage' (see section 3.3.4), we suggest that the factors have a positive influence on the confirmation of use or implementation of the OSS.