Apéndice III: Producción científica y trabajos realizados
2.4.4 Organización funcional del músculo cardiaco
During the administration of George Arthur (1824-1836), Pedder was strongly identified with the autocratic governor. Throughout the subsequent governorship of Sir John Franklin (1837-1843), a group of senior colonial officials – designated the Arthur ‘faction’ by their opponents – continued to
Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies, 2006), online edition,
<http://www.utas.edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/A/Anglicanism.htm> accessed 20 November 2011.
153 Pedder to Arthur, 21 September 1835, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
154 Pedder to Arthur, 21 September 1835, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170; [no author],
‘Bedford, William (1781–1852)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, <http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bedford-william- 1760/text1963> accessed 20 November 2011.
wield considerable political and economic influence in the colony.155 Key
members included Arthur’s nephews-in-law, Colonial Secretary, John Montagu, and Chief Police Magistrate, Matthew Forster. Pedder was bound to the ‘faction’ through personal and professional relationships, as well as political sympathies. Writing privately to Arthur in 1846, he clearly identified himself as belonging to
‘“the faction” as they used to call us until poor old Sir John [Franklin] designated
us as a “clique”’.156 Some of the political dimensions of these associations will be
explored in Chapter 6. Here, the focus turns to Pedder’s enduring friendships with Arthur, Montagu and Forster.
A selection of Pedder’s correspondence, which survives among the Papers of Sir George Arthur in the Mitchell Library, illuminates both the epistolary norms of his generation and class, and something of his personal and professional
relationships with Arthur.157 While the bulk of the collection comprises official
communication, a handful of private letters and notes provides glimpses of Pedder’s daily life and emotional concerns. The conventionally deferential tone of the chief justice’s official correspondence contrasts with the genuine expressions of emotion of his private letters to Arthur. While both types of letter begin with the formal salutation, ‘My Dear Sir’, and close with formulaic expressions of obligation, there is a marked warmth in his private correspondence which reaffirms Pedder’s affection and esteem for Arthur. Compare, for example, the standard formal ending, ‘Believe me my dear Sir your
very faithful and obedient servant’,158 with the more demonstrative, ‘Believe me
155 C.R. Joel, A Tale of Ambition and Unrealised Hope: John Montagu and Sir John Franklin
(Melbourne, Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2011), p. 5.
156 Pedder to Arthur, 18 February 1846, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. Editorial emphasis. 157 A little over 180 letters, notes, and memoranda, written by Pedder between 1824 and 1846,
are among the Papers of Sir George Arthur held in the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales.
158 Pedder to Arthur, 13 April 1828, Arthur Papers, vol. 9, ML ZA 2169. Other variants include
‘your most obedient and very humble servant’. Pedder to Arthur, private, 12 October 1824, Arthur Papers, vol. 9, ML ZA 2169.
my dear Sir your most sincerely attached and faithful friend’.159
The depth of Pedder’s attachment to Arthur is strikingly revealed in an otherwise cryptic letter. Its date and context cannot be inferred from the place of the letter within the Arthur Papers, which were rearranged for microfilming
in 1939.160 In the absence of Arthur’s original note (referred to in the letter) and
a date for Pedder’s response, it is unclear what precipitated his fear of losing Arthur’s friendship. What is clear, however, is the importance of the relationship. This expressive letter offers rare access to both Pedder’s emotional world and the dynamics of his intimacy with Arthur. Despite the absence of context, the letter reveals valuable glimpses of the enculturated constructions of authority
and male friendship underpinning Pedder’s relationship with Arthur.161 It is
significant that Pedder was Arthur’s subordinate in both age and status within the colonial hierarchy. Nine years younger than his friend and superior, Pedder is likely to have regarded Arthur as both patriarch and mentor. The product of a hierarchical society and masculinised public school system, he would also have been conditioned to adopt the subservient position of ‘faithful friend and servant’ in a manner which did not diminish perceptions of manliness.
In several passages in this letter, Pedder emphasises his subordinate position in the relationship. He begins, for example, by begging Arthur ‘to believe that I feel very sensibly the very kind feeling and condescension which you have
manifested towards me’.162 With its connotations of both generosity on the part
of the superior and unworthiness on the part of the inferior, Pedder’s choice of the word ‘condescension’ is revealing. The obligations of friendship are also an
159 Pedder to Arthur, 28 March 1838, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
160 A note informs microfilm users that a batch of undated letters at the end of volume 10 ‘cannot
be put into chronological order, but are arranged, as far as is possible, under the subjects with which they deal’.
161 My grateful thanks to clinical counsellor, Berry Dunston, for offering invaluable psychological
insights into Pedder’s relationship with Arthur, as revealed in his correspondence.
important theme. Acknowledging that he has ‘much for which I ought to be and I hope I am grateful’, Pedder intimates that he has failed to honour part of his obligation to Arthur. As he continues, ‘I know what I must appear to you. I wish you to believe nevertheless that I am not what I appear – ungrateful and
contemptuous’.163 Acknowledging his lapse, and having established his
contrition, Pedder goes on to assert gently that his fault is not one of character.
‘You have known me now for some time’, he reminds Arthur.164 ‘If I have
hitherto appeared worthy of the friendship you have shewn [sic] to me do not
believe that I can have at once … become so good for nothing’.165 Then,
reiterating his claim to be worthy of Arthur’s friendship, and its importance – both to himself and his wife – Pedder again pleads not to be excluded from this uniquely sustaining colonial fellowship: ‘If upon reflection you are persuaded that my fault has been one rather of the head than the heart, you will not I hope deprive us of that which we both so much esteem and of which we both have so
much need’.166
Pedder’s preparedness to express his vulnerability in this letter suggests that he felt sufficiently secure in his relationship with Arthur to admit to ‘foolish[ness]’
and ‘fault[s]’ without losing Arthur’s respect.167 Instead of expressing these
sentiments in ephemeral, ‘familiar conversation’, Pedder’s letter is a chosen response to an episode in the relationship where he felt conscious that he had
‘acted with great weakness’.168 The letter thus becomes a permanent memorial
to a significant personal relationship, which has been overshadowed by the two men’s professional association.
163 Pedder to Arthur, Thursday Evening, [n.d.], Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 164 Pedder to Arthur, Thursday Evening, [n.d.], Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 165 Pedder to Arthur, Thursday Evening, [n.d.], Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 166 Pedder to Arthur, Thursday Evening, [n.d.], Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 167 Pedder to Arthur, Thursday Evening, [n.d.], Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
168 Pedder to Arthur, Thursday Evening, [n.d.], Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. By contrast,
on the topic of Pedder’s lack of professional promptness, Arthur had chosen to ‘give a hint upon the points where his failing lies’ in ‘familiar conversation’. Arthur to Hay, 25 November 1828, HRA III, VII, p. 658; Bennett, Sir John Pedder, p. 104.
Pedder’s strong emotional attachment to Arthur is further expressed in a letter written at the time of the Governor’s recall by the Colonial Office in 1836. Whereas Arthur’s political enemies rejoiced, Pedder was deeply distressed. As he confessed on 26 May 1836,
When I waited upon Your Excellency yesterday immediately after the receipt of your note [referring to the recall] I was so much overwhelmed with its contents that I am quite sure I did not express the feelings with which my heart was full. Nor can I now but very
imperfectly.169
‘For myself’, Pedder continued, ‘I freely confess my sorrow at the idea of Your Excellency’s departure is almost exclusively of a selfish nature. When I lose you I shall lose one of the kindest and best friends I ever had in my life, and,
what is sad to say, my only friend here’.170 Bennett appears to accept this
statement at face value as an admission by Pedder that Arthur was the ‘sole
exception’ to his ‘want of friends in the Colony’.171 A closer reading of Pedder’s
correspondence, however, reveals a tendency to hyperbole which, in this case, is more meaningfully read as an affirmation of Pedder’s esteem for the letter’s recipient than an objective comment about his lack of intimate friends.
Common social, cultural, political and religious sensibilities should not be underestimated as the bases for an enduring friendship between Pedder and Arthur. Moreover, Arthur provided the only local exemplar for the young and inexperienced judge to fashion himself as a representative of the distant imperial government. While it is beyond the scope of this study to explore the psychological implications of their relationship in any depth, it is possible to infer that Arthur provided a vital mirror; his support and encouragement were also crucial. As Pedder affirmed in 1836, ‘Mrs Pedder and myself are deeply sensible of the never ceasing friendship and attention with which you have
169 Pedder to Arthur, 26 May 1836, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 170 Pedder to Arthur, 26 May 1836, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 171 Bennett, Sir John Pedder, p. 16.
honoured us ever since our arrival in the Colony, and feel bound by a strong
attachment to your person and your amiable family’.172
It is not surprising, then, that, having so closely aligned himself with Arthur, both personally and politically, for twelve years, Pedder anticipated the imminent separation from his mentor with sorrow. Colonial diarist, George Boyes, records that when Arthur took his final leave of the colony on 29 October 1836, he, too, was distressed and relied on his close friend for support. Leaving Government House to board his ship back to England, Arthur ‘walked from the drawing room
… round by the Varhandah [sic] leaning upon Mr Pedder’s arm and weeping
bitterly’.173
The bonds of friendship between the two families were maintained after the Arthurs’ return to England. In April 1837, in his ‘first letter’ since Arthur’s departure, Pedder assured his old friend that he had not ‘forgotten you or your
family’, nor had his ‘sincere regard and affection for you all … abated one jot’.174
Reaffirming his continued interest in Arthur’s wellbeing, he wrote that, ‘I can assure you with perfect truth that Mrs Pedder and myself are amongst those who look forward with the greatest anxiety to hear of you [….] I long to hear
news of your arrival’.175 In March 1838, Pedder referred with gratitude to
Arthur’s intention to assist his younger brother, who had been stationed at Madras with the 63rd Regiment. William Pedder’s sudden death in June 1837, however, intervened:
I know not my dear Sir how to thank you sufficiently for your kindness not only to me but to those whom you know to be dear to
172 Pedder to Arthur, 26 May 1836, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
173 G.T.W.B. Boyes, Diary of G.T.W.B. Boyes, Van Diemen’s Land, Feb 28th, 1833-June 1st, 1835,
University of Tasmania Library Special and Rare Materials Collection, Australia (Unpublished), 29 October 1836,
<http://eprints.utas.edu.au/8848/1/rs_25_2_(4)_GWT_Boyes_Diary_28th_February_1833- _June_1st_1835.pdf> accessed 4 September 2011.
174 Pedder to Arthur, 12 April 1837, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 175 Pedder to Arthur, 12 April 1837, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
me. Long before this reaches you you will probably have learnt that that which you intended for poor dear William could never have
availed him.176
In the same letter, Pedder offered ‘my kindest regards to Lady Arthur and all the family … and my love and many thanks to Miss Fanny’ – the Arthurs’
twelve-year-old daughter – ‘for the prints she was so good as to send me’.177 In
1846, after a separation of ten years, Pedder continued to maintain the ‘strong attachment I have so long professed and do still most warmly feel for you and all
the members of your family’.178 Ever the tardy correspondent, Pedder confessed
that ‘I am nevertheless fearful that you may think me guilty of a wilful indolence
which would be inconsistent with such feelings’.179
Many of the private letters dated after Arthur’s departure from the colony are characterised by a similarly expressive – and even gossipy – tone, as Pedder enquires after Arthur and his family, and provides updates on people and events in Van Diemen’s Land. In a letter dated 28 May 1838, after offering his opinion on political developments and personalities in the colony, Pedder breezily adds a summary of the latest comings and goings of mutual acquaintances, which illustrates his interest in the vicissitudes of the colonial community:
Mrs Wentworth arrived in the Seppings: a little altered in appearance
but as amiable and good natured as ever. Her only news is that Fereday is a man of fortune living in good style and much respected – and that he might have been in Parliament if the electors would but
have returned him free of Expenses. Captn Wood of the Clyde you
may perhaps have heard has lost his wife and gone home. Old Reid of
Ratho also is gone home and Captn Langdon – and Bethune it is said is
going. Willis is off – he went by way of Sydney – he is either ruined or
his affairs are in a deplorable state.180
176 Pedder to Arthur, 28 March 1838, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
177 Pedder to Arthur, 28 March 1838, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. The Arthur family
included eleven surviving children. A. Alexander, Obliged to Submit: Wives and Mistresses of Colonial Governors (Hobart, Montpelier Press, 1999), pp. 116-117.
178 Pedder to Arthur, 18 February 1846, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 179 Pedder to Arthur, 18 February 1846, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
In Arthur’s nephews-in-law, John Montagu and Matthew Forster, Pedder retained living connections in Van Diemen’s Land to his dear friend. In a overstatement typical of his correspondence – and probably intended to emphasise his continued loyalty to the Arthur ‘faction’ – Pedder suggested to
Arthur in a letter of 1838 that, beyond ‘the parties at Government House’,181 his
intimate circle had become so reduced that ‘In truth we go no where [sic], that is
we are asked no where [sic] but to the Forsters and Montagus’.182
Evidence of Pedder’s friendship with Colonial Secretary, John Montagu, emerges from documents relating to Montagu’s suspension from office in 1842, following
a series of disputes with Governor and Lady Franklin.183 John and Maria Pedder
had attempted to mediate, unsuccessfully, in some of these conflicts,184 and
Pedder continued to support Montagu privately. Ever cautious to maintain his professional integrity, Pedder had made it a ‘rule’ not to join in ‘public addresses to government officers placed in the circumstances in which’ Montagu now found himself: with evident regret, he informed Montagu, ‘I still adhere to a rule laid down for myself at a time when I could not have anticipated its application to you’.185
Instead of joining in the public address, Pedder offered a testimonial ‘in the more private form of a letter, which,’ he told Montagu, ‘you are at liberty to show
whenever, and to whomever, you may judge it useful to do so’.186 In this letter,
Pedder’s opinion of Fereday had clearly not altered since their dispute in 1830.
181 Pedder to Arthur, 28 March 1838, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170. 182 Pedder to Arthur, 28 March 1838, Arthur Papers, vol. 10, ML ZA 2170.
183 J. Montagu, Manuscript copy of the official correspondence between John Montagu and the
Secretary of State for the Colonies, concerning his disagreement with Sir John Franklin, Van Diemen’s Land 1841-1843 (hereafter Montagu Manuscript), University of Tasmania Library Special and Rare Materials Collection, Australia (Unpublished),
<http://eprints.utas.edu.au/10442/1/RS114-1.pdf> accessed 1 October 2011.
184 Joel, A Tale of Ambition, p. 247.
185 Pedder to Montagu, 5 February 1842, Montagu Manuscript, f. 100; Joel, A Tale of Ambition,
pp. 361-362.
Pedder attested both to Montagu’s many ‘merits as a public officer’, and the
‘great regard I have always professed, and really felt for you’.187 Clearly
emphasising Pedder’s reputation to bolster his own, Montagu declared that he was ‘proud to have received such a document’ from ‘a man of such high
honor [sic] and acute perceptions and whose scrupulously conscientious
Character procure for his opinions the very highest consideration’.188 Pedder
provided further practical and moral support, inviting Montagu and his family to
stay at Newlands in the days immediately before their departure for England in
February 1842.189 As Jane Franklin wrote the following year, ‘very few’ people
in the colony ‘really believe Mr M. to have been an ill-used man – probably the Pedders may be of this number, for they live in a small and very narrow circle of
which the Arthur family are almost the only elements’.190 Montagu indeed had
many reasons to regard Pedder as a ‘dear and sincere friend of nearly twenty
years’ standing’.191
Chief police magistrate, comptroller of convicts, and fellow Legislative Councillor, Captain Matthew Forster, was another longstanding colleague and key member of the ‘faction’. Pedder’s friendship with this ‘blunt, hard-swearing soldier’ was no doubt strengthened by their shared connection and loyalty to
George Arthur.192 Forster’s sudden death in January 1846 severed another link
187 Pedder to Montagu, 5 February 1842, Montagu Manuscript, f. 100.
188 Montagu to Anstey, Archer, Swanston, McLachlan, Ashburner, Fenton, and Kerr, 8 February
1841, Montagu Manuscript, f. 99; Joel, A Tale of Ambition, p. 436, n. 103.
189 Joel, A Tale of Ambition, p. 244.
190 Jane Franklin to Mary Simpkinson, 19 January 1843, Papers of Sir John and Lady Franklin:
Franklin, Jane, Lady, 23 letters to Mary Simpkinson from Van Diemen’s Land, 7 October 1837 – 19 April 1853, MS 248/174/18. Scott Polar Research Institute. National Library of Australia microfilm reel G2486; Joel, A Tale of Ambition, p. 246.
191 J. Franklin, Narrative of Some Passages in the History of Van Diemen’s Land, during the Last
Three Years of Sir John Franklin’s Administration of its Government (Hobart, Platypus Publications, 1967; originally printed London, Richard and John E. Taylor, 1845), Appendix H, number 2, ‘Extracts from Mr Montagu’s Letter of 16th of January 1844’, p. 155.
192 A.G.L. Shaw, ‘Forster, Matthew (1796-1846)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National
Centre of Biography, Australian National University,