EL ORIGEN SOCIAL DE LOS PENINSULARES

This section discusses the differences in podcast preferences for each VARK cohort across the contexts. Thus, a Friedman test was applied twice for Australians (Table 5.4) and Saudis (Table 5.5) to compare preferences for podcast richness for each VARK cohort between contexts. As illustrated in the previous section, the nominal factor is VARK cohorts, and the ordinal dependent variable is preferences for podcast richness. However, a Friedman test was selected as this is a within-subject design.

Table 5.4 (Australian students) and Table 5.5 (Saudi students) show the differences in podcast richness preferences for each VARK cohort between the contexts. Both tables show the result of differences in preferences for podcast richness for each VARK cohort across the contexts.

Table 5.4. Median values for VARK subgroups across context for Australian mobile learners

Context/VARK A K R/

W V VK VR VARK1 VARK-T VARK2

Quiet&Alone 4.0 3.5 3.0 0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 Busy&Alone 1.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 Busy&Family 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 Busy&Friend 1.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 Busy&Classmate 4.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.0 Walk&Alone 1.0 2.0 0.5 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Walk&Family 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Walk&Friend 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Walk&Classmate 3.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 Vehicle&Family 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 1.5 2.0 Vehicle&Friend 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 Vehicle&Classmat e 4.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 p = .00*** .00*** .03* .00*** .09 .44 .04* .03* .00***

*P <.05; **P<.01; ***P<.0001; Note: learning preferences as follow: A:Aural, K: Kinesethetic,RW: Read/Write, V:Visual, VK: Visual and Kinesthetic, VR: Visual and Read/Write.

Table 5.5. Median values for VARK subgroups across context for Saudi mobile learners

Context/VARK A K RW V VK VR VARK1 VARK-T VARK2

Quiet&Alone 4 3 3 3 3 2.5 3 4 4 Busy&Alone 3 4 3.5 3 3 3.5 3 4 0 Busy&Family 0 3 0 0 0 1.5 0 0 0 Busy&Friend 2 3 0 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 Busy&Classmate 3 4 1.5 3 1.5 4 3 0 0 Walk&Alone 2.5 2 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 Walk&Family 1 2 0 0 0 0.5 0 1 0 Walk&Friend 0.5 2 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 0 Walk&Classmate 2 2 1 2 0 4 1 3 2 Vehicle&Family 2 4 2 2.5 1.5 2 3 1 3 Vehicle&Friend 3 4 0.5 0 1.5 2.5 1 0 0 Vehicle&Classmate 3 2 3 2 1.5 4 1 4 4 p = .00*** .57 .02* .00*** .07 .17 .00*** .07 .14

*P <.05; **P<.01; ***P<.0001; Note: learning preferences as follow: A:Aural, K: Kinesthetic,RW: Read/Write, V:Visual, VK: Visual and Kinesthetic, VR: Visual and Read/Write.

Pairwise comparisons were performed for the Australian VARK cohorts: “Aural”, “Kinesthetic”, “R/W”, “Visual”, “VARK1”, “VARK-T”, and “VARK2”. Subsequently, post hoc analysis revealed no statistically significant differences for the “Aural”,

“R/W”, “VARK1”, and “VARK-T” cohorts. However, post hoc analysis revealed statistically significant differences for the “Kinesthetic”, “Visual”, and “VARK2” cohorts.

The Australian Kinesthetic cohort show significant differences for m-learning preference between “quiet & alone” and “walk & family” (P = .004), and between “quiet & alone” and “walk & friend” (P = .004), as well as between “quiet & alone” and “walk & classmate” (P = .05).

Australian mobile learners with the “Visual” and “VARK2” cohorts show significant differences in m-learning preference in various contexts. Table 5.6 shows the results for Australian mobile learners from the “visual” cohort and Table 5.7 for mobile learners from the “VARK2” cohort.

Table 5.6. Post hoc analysis for Australian mobile learner with visual preference From richer contexts: To leaner contexts:

quiet & alone (3) walk & family (0) *** busy & family (0) *** walk & friend (0) *** walk & classmate (0) *** busy & alone (3) walk & family (0) ***

walk & friend (0) *** walk & classmate (0) *** family & vehicle (2) walk & family (0) **

busy & friend (0) ** busy & classmate (2) vehicle & classmate (2) **

walk & friend (0) *** vehicle & classmate (2) walk & friend (0) ***

*P <.05; **P<.01; ***P<.0001

Table 5.7. Post hoc analysis for Australian mobile learner with VARK2 preference From richer contexts: To leaner contexts:

quiet & alone (3) Walk & family (0)*** Walk & friend (0) *** Walk & classmate (0)* Busy & alone (3) Walk & family (0) ***

Walk & friend (0) *** Walk & classmate (0) *** Busy & classmate (3) Walk & family (0) ***

Walk & friend (0) *** Walk & classmate (0) ***

*P <.05; **P<.01; ***P<.0001

Pairwise comparisons were performed for the Saudi VARK subgroups: “Aural”, “R/W”, “Visual”, and “VARK1”. Subsequently, post hoc analysis revealed no statistically significant differences for “Aural” and “R/W”. However, post hoc analysis revealed statistically significant differences for the “Visual”, and “VARK1” cohorts.

Saudi mobile learners from the “Visual” and “VARK1” cohorts show significant differences in m-learning preferences between various contexts. Table 8 shows Saudi mobile learners from the “visual” cohort and Table 9 for mobile learners from the “VARK1” cohort.

Table 5.8. Post hoc analysis for Saudi mobile learners from the visual cohort From richer contexts: To leaner contexts:

Quiet & alone (3) Busy & family (0)*** Walk & friend (0)***

Busy & friend (0)***

Vehicle & family (2.5)*

Vehicle & friend (0)***

Vehicle & classmate (2)*

Walk & family (0)***

Busy & classmate (3) Walk & family (0)*

Vehicle & friend (0)* *P <.05; **P<.01; ***P<.0001

Table 5.9. Post hoc analysis for Saudi mobile learner with VARK1 preference From richer contexts: To leaner contexts:

Quiet & alone (3) Walk & family (0)*** Busy & family (0)* Walk & friend (0)*** Busy & friend (0)*** Walk & classmate (1)** Vehicle & friend (1)** Vehicle & classmate (1)** Walk & alone (3) Walk & family(0)*

Busy & friend (0)* Busy & classmate (3) Busy & friend (0)*

*P <.05; **P<.01; ***P<.0001

Table 10 summarises the preferences for the rich learning contexts (rich podcast) and informal learning contexts (lean podcast) for visual, VARK1, VARK2, and Kinesthetic learners.

Table 5.10. rich and lean learning contexts for visual, VARK1, VARK2, and kinesthetic learners based on podcast preferences for both cultures Context/VARK Visual VARK1 VARK2 Kinesthetic

Quiet&Alone rich rich rich rich

Busy&Alone rich rich

Busy&Family lean lean Busy&Friend lean lean

Busy&Classmate rich rich rich Walk&Alone rich rich

Walk&Family lean lean lean lean

Walk&Friend lean lean lean lean

Walk&Classmate lean lean lean lean

Vehicle&Family rich

Vehicle&Friend lean lean

Vehicle&Classmate lean lean rich rich