Participación de las mujeres y cambios en el espacio político

Additional members can be added to connect nodes in the pier.

Sections to be used for extra members can be selected from the "Extra Member Sections"

dropdown which contains sections used for the pier, pile and any sections created under the extra member page. New sections can be created using the "Edit Cross Section" button.

The cross section type (Gross Properties or Full Cross Section) uses the same type selected for the Pier cross sections and can only be changed by changing the selection on the Pier page.

To add an extra member, click on the first node (I-Node). Then, click on the second node (J-Node). Click the 'Add' button to put the member in the list and choose an appropriate section property.

To change the location of an extra member, select an extra member from the "Extra Member" list.

Then change the I-Node, J-Node, or both. This can be done by clicking nodes in the 3D Edit Window, or by typing new values in the I-Node or J-Node boxes. Then click the "Update" button.

Create extra members using the following options:

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Extra Members List

2. Extra Member Sections 3. Nodes Attached

Figure A75: Extra Members Tab

Notes: Extra members cannot be used to replace sections along the length of a pile. Extra members cannot cross the plane of the pile cap. For example, an extra member element cannot connect a column node and a pile node. However, an extra member element can connect two column nodes, or two pile nodes (but not along the same pile). Extra members are not available in the following models: Pile and Cap Only, Stiffness, Single Pile, Column Analysis.

Extra Members List

Add and remove extra members to and from the project.

Return to the X-Members Tab page.

Select the cross section type of the extra member from the drop down list.

Return to the X-Members Tab page.

Nodes Attached

Select the nodes to attach the member to.

Return to the X-Members Tab page.

Load Tab

To add a load, select a node with mouse in 3-D View window.

Then click the right 'Add' button to add the load to the node.

Enter load values for the 6 degrees of freedom.

Additional load cases can be added by clicking the left 'Add' button.

The 'Table' button shows a table of the loads for the selected load case.

The self-weight and buoyant load factors are used to set the contribution of self-weight and buoyancy for each load case. These are used for non-AASHTO loads.

For AASHTO load cases, self weight is included by adding a dead load type case and buoyancy is included by adding a buoyancy type case. See AASHTO tab to automatically include self weight and buoyancy.

Edit the loads in the following areas:

1. Load Case 2. Node Applied 3. Loads

In static analysis mode, the Load tab looks as follows:

Figure A76-a: Load Tab

Check "Include Preload Case" to apply a pre-existing load to all load cases. Preload is typically used to model construction loads.

Check "Applied Displacement" to apply a displacement (rather than a load) to a node. Loads and Displacements can not be applied at the same node in the same load case.

In AASHTO load mode, the Load tab looks as follows:

Figure A76-b: Load Tab in AASHTO Mode

The ‘L’ and ‘R’ designations next to the bearing loads indicate a left and/or right bearing row, respectively.

In dynamics analysis mode the Load tab looks as follows:

Figure A76-c: Load Tab in Dynamic Analysis Mode

Nodal loads are marked as either static (S), or dynamic (D). Clicking on the S or D letter toggles the load type from static to dynamic, and vice versa. For dynamic load types, the directional factors specify the direction of load application. The factors must be either 1 or 0, where 1 indicates load application in that direction, and 0 indicates no load application in that direction.

The load function is selected from the load function combo box. Each node can have a different load function. Click on the "Acc. (all nodes)" placeholder in the node list to specify a direction when the ground acceleration option is selected.

Click the "Table" button to edit both static and dynamic loads.

Load Case

Select a load case to view or modify. Add and remove new load cases.

Buoyancy

The buoyant force on the bridge substructure that is submerged, i.e., below the water table, is automatically computed if a buoyancy factor greater than 0 is selected in non-AASHTO mode and if buoyancy is activated (checked on) in non-AASHTO mode. The computation includes piles, pile cap, pier columns. Partial buoyancy for the pile cap is considered in the following manner: If the water table exists between 1/8 and 3/8 pile cap thickness measured from the bottom of the pile cap, then the half of the pile cap volume is used to calculate the buoyant force. If the water table exists above 3/8 of the pile cap thickness, then the entire pile cap volume is used to calculate the buoyant force. The user should select the water table elevation accordingly to include (or exclude) the buoyancy effect in the self-weight calculation of the pile cap. A convenient way to check buoyancy and self-weight calculations is to include only these loads, run the program, and then view the "Sum of Total Soil Spring Loads", Z direction in the output file.

Node Applied

Select the node to which a load is applied. Add and delete a nodal load.

Alternatively, click the Table button to edit the loads in a spreadsheet format.

If AASHTO load combinations are used, click the AASHTO Table button to edit the loads in a spreadsheet format.

Designate AASHTO load cases by selecting the type of load (Nodal loads can be added in addition to bearing loads).

Return to the Load Tab page.

Loads

Select whether or not pre-loading conditions (i.e. thermal stresses, construction loads, shoring, etc.) are present. For the loading situation, the equilibrium loads are found from the pre-loading. Then, after equilibrium is established, the analysis uses the equilibrium conditions to calculate the solution for the load cases

Enter point loads in the x, y, and z directions, and moments about the x, y, and z axes.

Also, enter factors for self-weight and buoyancy (for non-AASHTO loads).

Check ‘Applied Displacement’ to specify a displacement rather than a load for a node.

Return to the Load Tab page.

Bearing Location Loads

The following information is used by piers with bearings locations. The information under the LOADBP header describes the concentrated loads applied to the bearing locations.

LOADBP

PADNUM L= LC F= FX, FY, FZ, MX, MY, MZ T=TYPE B=DIR (one line per nodal load)

Where

PADNUM is the bearing number LC is the load case number

FX is the force in the global X-direction FY is the force in the global Y-direction FZ is the force in the global Z-direction

TYPE is the load type specified in AASHTO (ignore for non-AASHTO loads) DIR is the bearing row ("L" for left or "R" for right)

This section must end with a blank line.

Load Table

Edit the loads in the spreadsheet by selecting a text field to edit.

Alter the spreadsheet with the following options:

1. Table Format 2. Table Edit Options 3. Load Case Options

The "Load Table" is used to define nodal loads in a spreadsheet-style format. Static and dynamic loads are separated into two separate tables that can be toggled using the "Table Format" options.

Dynamic Loads

Enter the load case, node, direction factors (1 or 0), and the load function.

Figure A77-a: Load Table in Dynamic Analysis Mode

Static Loads

Enter the load case, node, and load values.

Figure A77-b: Load Table in Static Analysis Mode

Return to the Load Tab page.

Table Format

Select whether the table shows a "Single Load Case" or "All Load Cases".

Click the "Update and Sort" button to refresh the table.

Return to the Load Table page.

Table Edit Options

Insert and delete rows to and from the table.

Return to the Load Table page.

Load Case Options

Add and delete load cases to and from the table.

Choose to duplicate an existing load case.

Return to the Load Table page.

AASHTO Load Table

Edit the loads in the spreadsheet by selecting a text field to edit.

Alter the spreadsheet with the following options:

1. AASHTO Table Format 2. AASHTO Table Edit Options 3. AASHTO Load Case Options

Figure A78: AASHTO Load Table

Return to the Load Tab page.

AASHTO Table Format

The AASHTO load cases are shown in the load tree. Click on the ‘+’ sign to expand the case.

Bearing loads are shown first, followed by the nodal loads.

AASHTO Table Edit Options

With a load case expanded, right click the mouse on a nodal load to insert or delete loads. The

‘Add Load’ and ‘Remove Load’ buttons can also be used.

Bearing location nodes cannot be removed.

AASHTO Load Case Options

Load cases are added by selecting a load case from the load type list and then clicking the ‘Add Case’ button. Only certain load types can have multiple cases. Select a load case from the load tree and click the ‘Remove Case’ button to remove the load case.

Spring Tab

To add a spring to the pier, select node with the mouse in 3-D View window.

Then click the 'Add' button.

Enter spring values for the 6 degrees of freedom.

Use the check boxes to apply the springs to each load case.

Edit the springs in the following areas:

Figure A79: Spring Tab

Spring Stiffness

Enter the stiffness for each x, y, and z translation spring, and for each x, y, and z rotational spring.

Return to the Spring Tab page.

Spring Nodes

Click on a node in the 3-D view or select a node using the text box and click the "Add" button to add a node to the "Spring Node List".

Select the load case to apply the springs to from the "Apply to Load Case" list.

Also, use the "Del" button to delete a node from the list.

Return to the Spring Tab page.

Discrete Mass/Damper Tab

Mass/Damper Tab

The Mass/Damper tab provides the capability of applying concentrated masses or dampers to any pile cap or pier node. To apply a concentrated mass or damper, click on the node in the 3D View window and then click the "Add" button to place the node in the node list. Concentrated mass values can be entered without concentrated damper values, and vice versa. Concentrated damper values can only be entered if "Damping" is enabled in the Dynamics tab.

Figure A80: Mass/Damper Tab

View Mass/Dampers in 3D Window

All concentrated masses and dampers are shown. Dampers are shown as a green dashpot. Masses are shown as a purple cube.

Figure A81: Concentrated Mass and Damper in 3D View (Thin Element Mode)

Retaining Tab

Enter Retaining wall parameters for each layer.

Each layer will cause a pressure to be applied to the wall.

Each layer is divided into a number of sublayers.

A minimum of 10 sublayers is recommended for each layer.

The wall is modeled as a cantilever with its base located in the center of the pile cap.

(For the case where the wall is offset from the center of the Pile Cap use the remove feature in the Pile edit window.

The weight of the retained soil must be included as load on the footing or by increasing the footing concrete

self weight. Soil weight is not automatically accounted for)

Enter the data for the retaining wall in the following fields:

1. Soil Layer

2. Wall and Layer Geometry 3. Soil Layer Data

4. Wall Load Data

Figure A82: Retaining Tab

Soil Layer

Select a soil layer to edit from the drop down menu, or add and remove a soil layer.

Return to the Retaining Tab page.

Wall and Layer Geometry

Enter the incline of the wall.

Enter the incline of the top layer, the ground water height, and the unit weight of the water.

Enter the thickness, and the number of layers to divide the individual soil layers into.

Figure A83: Retaining Wall Geometry

Return to the Retaining Tab page.

Retaining Wall Explanation

Figure: A1 Retaining Wall Explanation

Soil Layer Data

Choose between "Pressure at Rest" and the "Active Case" options, and then click the Layer Data button to specify the data.

Return to the Retaining Tab page.

Retaining Wall Soil Layer Data

Enter the following properties off the retained soil layer:

1. Cohesion

2. Soil Angle of Friction 3. Soil-Wall Angle Friction 4. Unit Weight of Soil

5. Saturated Unit Weight of Soil

Return to the Soil Layer Data page.

Wall Load Data

Select the case number and click Surcharge.

Return to the Retaining Tab page.

Depending upon the type of surcharge selected, different parameters will be required.

Return to the Wall Load Data page.

Bridge Data Edit

Bridge Tab

The Bridge Tab is used generate and modify substructures (pier foundations) and superstructures (bridge spans).

Figure A25: Bridge Tab

Substructure

Select a pier from the Substructure list or select "Add Pier " to add a new pier to the model. Click the "Del" button to remove a selected pier.

The Model Type can be either a General Pier or Pile Bent model. Both models are capable of having bearing locations, which are essential for connecting the piers using bridge spans.

The Global X Coord and Global Y Coord are used to layout each pier in the bridge model. By default, the origin of the first pier in the multiple pier model is at the corner of the pile cap.

The Rotation Angle specifies a pier rotation about the vertical z-axis. The pier rotation is specified as clockwise positive in the FB-MultiPier coordinate system and is typically used to model skew or radial piers on a curved alignment.

Superstructure

Select a Span to edit from the span combo box. The "C/C Length" indicates the span length from the center bearing line of one pier to the center bearing line of the next pier. Click the "Edit Span "

button to edit the span section properties.

Edit Supports

Custom bearing connections can be specified by selecting a boundary condition from the combo box. Boundary conditions can be Released (free to move), Constrained (prevented from

movement), or Custom (user-defined load-displacement curve).

There are two versions of this dialog that are displayed based on the number of bearing rows requested.

Single Row: Only a single option is available

Figure A26: Custom Bearing Connection Dialog for Single Row

Two Rows: Left and Right Rows are specified

Figure A27: Custom Bearing Connection Dialog for Two Rows

Click the "Edit Custom Bearings " button to define custom bearings using a load-displacement curve.

Edit Custom Bearings

Custom bearing behavior can be modeled using a load-displacement curve. This curve can be applied to any of the six degrees of freedom for a bearing connection. A maximum of 20 values can be used to define a custom bearing load-displacement relationship. Values should be entered from smallest to largest displacement. Click the "Add" button to add a new

Figure A28: Custom Bearing Data Dialog

Edit Span

Enter the cross-section description properties for the bridge superstructure. The program uses these properties to model an equivalent beam that connects the centerline of two pier caps. The Begin Height and End Height parameters are used to offset the beam from the center of gravity of the pier cap to the center of gravity of the span.

Figure A29: Bridge Span Properties Dialog

Begin Height and End Height are measured from the c.g. of the pier cap to c.g. of the bridge span. Live Load Height is measured from the c.g. of the pier cap to the c.g. of the Live Load (i.e. at 6 ft above the roadway per AASHTO).

Span End Conditions are set independently for each side of the span. Different end conditions may exist based on the construction; FB-MultiPier can simulate these conditions by assigning various properties to the Transfer Beam.

• • • Diaphragm – properties for a rigid element.

• • • Non-Diaphragm - relaxed properties for a more flexible beam.

• • • Custom – User assigned custom properties (Must be selected to enable Custom Properties Button)

Figure A30: Variable Bridge Span Properties Dialog

The Variable Span Properties Table displays section properties for each element along the bridge section. Spans are divided into 10 elements of equal length. The 3D Bridge Window will show each element’s size in proportion to the inertia 3 axis entered.

Add Substructure

Choose a structure type for the newly added or changed pier. Then, in the "Select Model" combo, select from a list of existing piers. This selected pier’s properties will be used for the newly created or changed pier.

Span End Condition

This dialog is accessible when the "Custom" option is selected for either the Begin or End span end condition, on the Bridge Span Properties dialog.

Figure A32: Span End Condition Dialog

Model View Windows Soil Edit Window

Soil Edit Window

Right click in the soil edit window to bring up the view edit menu with the following options:

1. 2D Mouse Control--Hold the Control key and the left mouse button down to enable stretching a. With the key and button pressed down move forward to stretch up

b. With the key and button pressed down move backward to stretch down 2. Pick Layer—Allows the user to pick a layer

3. Remove Layer—Delete the selected layer from the model 4. Add Layer—Add a new soil layer to the model

3. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Split Layer—Split the current layer in to two layers

4. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. Reset View

5. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. Copy Layer—Replace properties of selected

layer with those of layer selected from submenu Note: Clicking the mouse scroll wheel button will toggle between the Picking mode and the 2D Mouse Control.

Figure A85: Soil Edit Window

The displayed pile shows the existing nodes currently in the pile. Nodes in the free length are displayed in red, while nodes in the soil are displayed in blue. The blues nodes (only) are clickable and selecting one will bring up the Printable Soil Graph dialog, showing the soil curve for the selected node. Please see Printable Soil Graph for more details.

Pile Edit Window

Right click in the pile edit window to bring up the view edit menu with the following options:

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2D Mouse Control

a. Hold the left mouse button down and drag to pan the view

b. Hold the Control key and the left mouse button down to enable zooming i. With the key and button pressed down move forward to zoom in

ii. With the key and button pressed down move backward to zoom out

2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. Add/Remove Pile—Click on a grid

point/pile to add or remove a pile

3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. Add/Remove Cap—Click on a portion of the

pile cap to remove it

4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. Pile Data/Batter—Click on a pile to edit the Pile Data

5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. 5. Copy Pile Properties—Click on a pile to

copy properties from the highlighted pile

6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. Edit Cap Thickness—Click on a portion of

the pile cap to edit the Cap Thickness

7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. Edit Grid Spacing—Click on a spacing

"element" to edit the Spacing

8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. Assign Soil Sets—Click on a soil portion to

In document VIRGINIA VARGAS VALENTE. Reflexiones en clave. para un mundo mejor (página 69-73)