LA CAPACIDAD DE AGENCIA
4.2. La deliberación en el proceso
4.3.1. Participación según edad
One way in which this literature survey is used in the subsequent chapters o f this thesis is to highlight questions that the research can examine. These questions have been raised in the Reflection sections rounding off each substantial section of this review. They are repeated here in summary form, and will be addressed explicitly or implicitly in the chapters that follow.
Summary o f questions raised by the Reflection sections:
3.1 Can IPDs most usefully be understood in terms of their inner processes, or in terms o f the milieu in which they operated?
3.2.1 What are the conditions in which excellent IPDs best produce their IPs? What can this tell us about managing IPs in organisations? How might an individual who wished to do so, develop as an IPD? What can we learn about IPs in management development and the process o f their production?
3.2.2 For IPDs in management development what is the relationship between the production of IPs and the generation of wealth?
3.2.3 Do content or relational views of knowledge best account for the experience of IPDs? What can be inferred about accounting for the views o f researchers and gurus? 3.2.5 How do IPDs in management development go about generating, appropriating and exploiting their IPs?
3.3.1 What does attention to the context in which IPDs in management development produce their IPs tell us about the IP development process?
3.3.2.1 What is the place of creativity techniques in the practice of the IPDs?
33.2.2 What influence does the spirit of the time and the perspective of this researcher have on the stories that are told about the IP production process? This raises another question - which is about how this spirit and that perspective focus attention upon ‘production’ and ‘process’. How does the practice of IPDs uncovered in the research relate to the framework of elite creativity processes inferred from the literature? 3.4 How do the conclusions of the literature on gurus relate to the findings about IPDs and their processes?
3.5 What is the impact of the non-rival nature of IPD’s goods on their process of production? How does IPD’s level of human development impact the nature o f their appeal? To what extent does the context in which they work affect IPDs and which contextual features are most salient? What is the difference between IPDs and researchers? What is the future of IPDs?
3.6 How is normal science research different from the processes used by IPDs? 3.7 Can the issues o f atomism and wisdom be taken into account in building a
competence description for IPDs? To what extent do IPDs carry out their role in similar ways, which is thus amenable to a collective analysis?
Reflection on the reflections
I started this chapter by being rather dismissive of the literature search process. At the end I feel an awe for the wisdom and insight that has been generated by others in the fields I am interested in, and I have a sense of gratitude to the authors who have posed questions
which I want to address. I have assembled this literature survey after having completed the fieldwork. This sensemaking or illuminative sequence has enabled me to use what I have found (or made, as sensemakers put it) in my fieldwork to extract what I need from the literature. This sense of the literature is then used to re-interrogate my ‘makings’ in Chapter 5.
References
Adams J 1974 Conceptual block busting. Freeman, San Fransisco.
Allee V 1997 The knowledge evolution: expanding organizational intelligence.
Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
Amabile TM 1983 The social psychology o f creativity. Springer-Verlag, New York. Amabile TM 1988 ‘A model of creativity and innovation in organizations’, in Staw & Cummings, 1988, pp. 123-167.
Argyris C 1990 Overcoming organizational defenses: facilitating organizational learning. Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
Argyris C 1997 ‘Organization learning - gaps, inconsistencies and opportunities’, presentation at Institute o f Personnel Management ’s HRD Week. QED Recording Services, New Bamet.
Basadur M 1992 ‘Managing creativity: a Japanese model’, in Kolb, et al. (1995), pp. 290- 302.
Battram A 1998 Navigating complexity. Industrial Society, London.
Belbin RM 1981 Management teams: why they succeed or fail. Heinemann, London. Blackler F 1995 ‘Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: an overview and interpretation’, Organization Studies, 16(6), pp. 1021-1046.
Borges JL 1993 Other inquisitions 1937-1952. University of Texas Press, in DemarestM, 1997.
Boyatzis RE 1982 The competent manager. Wiley, New York.
Brewis J 1996 ‘The “making” of the “competent” manager: competency development, personal effectiveness and Foucault’, Management Learning, 27(1), pp. 65-86.
Brooking A 1997 ‘The management of intellectual capital’, Long Range Planning, 30(3), pp. 364-365.
Brown RB 1993 ‘Meta-competence: a recipe for refraining the competence debate’,
Personnel Review, 22(6), pp.25-36.
Burgoyne J 1989 ‘Creating the managerial portfolio: building on competency approaches to management’, Management Education and Development, 20(1), pp. 56-61.
Burgoyne J 1993 ‘The competence movement: issues, stakeholders and prospects’,
Personnel Review, 22(6), pp. 6-13.
Burgoyne J 1995 ‘Learning from experience: from individual discovery to meta-dialogue via the evolution of transitional myths’, Personnel Review, 24(6), pp. 61-72.
Buzan T 1974/1995 Use your head. BBC Books, London.
Carson PP, Lanier PA, Carson KD & Birkenmeier BJ 1999 ‘A historical perspective on fad adoption and abandonment’, Journal o f Management History, 5(6), pp. 320-333. Cassels J 1990 Britain's real skill shortage and what to do about it. Policy Studies Institute, London.
Ceserani J & Greatwood P 1995 Innovation and creativity. Kogan Page, London. Clark T & Salaman G 1998 ‘Telling tales: management gurus’ narratives and the
construction of managerial identity’, Journal o f Management Studies, 35(2), pp. 137-161. Clegg SR & Palmer G 1996 The politics o f knowledge management. Sage, London. Clutterbuck D 1985 Everyone needs a mentor. Institute of Personnel Management, London.
Clutterbuck D & Megginson D 1999 Mentoring executives and directors. Butterworth- Heinemann, Oxford.
Combs A 1995 The radiance o f being: complexity, chaos and the evolution o f consciousness. Floris, Wiltshire.
Cortada JW & Woods JA 1999 The knowledge management yearbook: 1999-2000.
Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
Coulson-Thomas CJ 1997 ‘The future of the organization: selected management and development issues’, Industrial & Commercial Training, 29(7), pp. 204-207.
Crainer S 1996 ‘The rise of guru scepticism’, Management Today, March, pp. 48-52 Crainer S 1997 The ultimate business library: 50 books that made management.
Capstone, Oxford.
Davenport TH & Prusak L 1998 Working knowledge: managing what your organization knows. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Davis W 1987 The white rabbit. Ebury Press, London, in Henry & Walker, 1991, pp. 142- 149.
de Bono E 1979 Mechanism o f mind. Penguin, Harmondsworth. 156
de Bono E 1982 Lateral thinking fo r management. Penguin, Harmondsworth. de Bono E 1990 Six thinking hats. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Demarest M 1997 ‘Understanding knowledge management5, Long Range Planning,
30(3), pp. 374-384.
Drazin R, Glynn MA & Kazanjian RK 1999 ‘Multi-level theorizng about creativity in organizations: a sensemaking perspective5, Academy o f Management Review, 24(2), pp. 286-307.
Drucker P 1992 ‘The new society of organizations5, Harvard Business Review, 70(5), Sept.-Oct.
Easterby-Smith M, Araujo L & Burgoyne J 1999 (Eds) Organizational learning and the learning organization. Sage, London.
Edvinson L 1997 ‘Developing intellectual capital at Skandia5, Long Range Planning, 30(3), pp. 366-373.
Ekvall G 1991 ‘The organizational culture o f idea-management: a creative climate for the management of ideas5, Chapter 7, in Henry & Walker, 1991, pp. 73-79.
Evans R & Russell P 1990 The creative manager. Unwin, London.
Foot S & Megginson D 1996 ‘Competence-based vocational training: ten years on and still down the wrong path?5 Education & Training, 38(3), pp. 17-27.
Fletcher S 1997 Competence & organizational change. Kogan Page, London.
Gibb S & Megginson D 1993 ‘Inside corporate mentoring schemes: a new agenda of concerns5, Personnel Review, 22(1), pp. 40-54.
Gill J & Johnson P 1997 Research methods fo r manager. (2nd Ed.) Paul Chapman, London.
Gill J & Whittle S 1992 ‘Management by panacea: accounting for transience5, Journal o f Management Studies, 30, pp. 281-295.
Gioia DA & Chitipeddi K 1991 ‘Sensemaking and sensegiving in strategic change initiation\ Strategic Management Journal, 12, pp. 379-389.
Gladstone B & Megginson D 1999 ‘Metaphors in knowledge management5, paper presented at the First International Critical Management Studies Conference, University of Manchester.
Gurteen D 1998 ‘Knowledge, creativity and innovation5, Journal o f Knowledge Management, 2( 1), pp. 5-13.
Handy C 1999 The new alchemists: how visionary people make something out o f nothing.
Hutchinson, London.
Harri-Augstein S and Webb EM 1995 Learning to change. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead. Henry J & Walker D (Eds) 1991 Managing innovation. Sage, London.
Henry J (Ed.) 1991 Creative management. Sage, London. 157
Herrmann N 1990 The creative brain. Ned Herrmann Group, Lake Lure, NC. Huczynski A 1993 Management gurus: what makes them and how to become one.
Routledge: London.
Hunt R & Buzan T 1999 Creating a thinking organization: groundrules fo r success.
Gower, Aldershot.
lies P 1993 ‘Achieving strategic coherence in HRD through competence-based management and organization development5, Personnel Review, 22(6), pp. 63-80.
Jackson B 1995 ‘Reengineering the sense of self: the manager and the management guru5, paper given at the Standing Conference on Organizational Symbolism 13th International Conference, Turku, Finland.
Jacques R 1996 Manufacturing the employee. Sage, London.
Johnson R & Sampson M 1993 ‘The acceptable face of competence5, Management Education and Development, 24(3), pp. 216-224.
Kay J 1999 ‘Creativity at centre stage5, Financial Times, 31st March, p. 12.
Keisler A 1997 ‘Rhetoric and myth in management fashion5, Organization, 4(1), pp. 49- 74.
Kets de Vries M & Miller D 1984 ‘Neurotic styles and organizational dysfunctioning5, in Morgan, 1989, pp. 233-240.
Koestler A 1970 The act o f creation. Pan, London.
Kolb DA 1984 Experiential learning. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Kolb DA, Osland J & Rubin IM 1995 The organization behavior reader. (6th Ed.) Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Kram K 1983 Mentoring at work. Scott, Foresman, Glenville, IL.
Kuhn TS 1962 The structure o f scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Lave J & Wenger E 1991 Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation.
Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Leadbeater C 1999 Living on thin air, the new economy. Viking, Harmondsworth. Levine L 1994 ‘Listening with spirit and the art of team dialogue5, Journal o f Organizational Change Management, 7(1), pp. 61-73.
Levinson DJ, Darrow CN, Klein EB & Levinson MH 1978 The seasons o f a m an’s life.
Knopf, New York.
Levitt B & Nass C 1989 ‘The lid o f the garbage can: institutional constraints in decision making in the technical care of college-text publishers5, Administrative Science
Quarterly, 34(2), pp. 190-207.
Mangham EL & Pye A 1991 The doing o f management. Blackwell, Oxford, in Watson, 1994.
Martin JTN 1991 ‘Play, reality and creativity’, in Henry, 1991, Chapter 5, pp. 34-40. Matthews P 1998 ‘What lies beyond knowledge management: wisdom creation and versatility’, Journal o f Knowledge Management, 1(3), pp. 207-214.
Maslow A 1954 Motivation and personality. Harper & Row, New York.
McConnachie G 1997 ‘The management of intellectual assets: delivering value to the business’, Journal o f Knowledge Management, 1(1), pp. 56-62.
McCracken G 1988 The long interview. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Megginson D 1997 ‘The line manager’s role as trainer, coach and counsellor’, paper delivered at the Institute o f Personnel & Development’s HRD Week at Wembley, QED Recording Services, New Barnet.
Megginson D 1999(a) ‘Knowledge management for organisational learning’, presentation at the AMED Frontiers Conference at Cranfield. AMED, London.
Megginson D 1999(b) ‘Review of the conference’, Proceedings o f the Sixth European Mentoring Conference, pp. 1-6, European Mentoring Centre, Burnham, Bucks.
Mikdashi T 1999 ‘Constitutive meaning and aspects o f work environment affecting capacity in Lebanon’, Participation & Empowerment: An International Journal, 7(3), pp 47-55.
MintzbergH 1983 Structure in fives: designing effective organizations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Morgan G 1989 Creative organization theory: a resourcebook. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. Morris JM 1987 ‘Good company\ Management Education and Development, 18(2), pp. 103-
115.
Mulgan G 1997 Connexity: how to live in a connected world. Chatto & Windus, London. Murray J 1997 A gentleman publisher's commonplace book John Murray, London. Nahapiet J & Ghoshal S 1998 ‘Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage’, Academy o f Management Review, 23(2), pp. 242-266.
Newman V 1997 ‘Redefining knowledge management to deliver competitive advantage’,
Journal o f Knowledge Management, 1(2), pp. 123-128.
Nickerson JA & Silverman BS 1997 ‘Intellectual capital management strategy: the foundation of successful new business generation’, Journal o f Knowledge Management,
1(4), pp. 320-331.
Nonaka I & Takeuchi H 1995 The knowledge creating company. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Oldham GR & Cummins A 1996 ‘Employee creativity: personal and contextual factors at work’, Academy o f Management Journal, 39(3), pp. 607-634.
Pascale RT 1991 Managing on the edge. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Payne R 1976 ‘Truisms in organizational behaviour’, Interpersonal Development, 6, pp. 203-220.
Pedler M, Burgoyne J & Boydell T 1991 The learning company: a strategy for sustainable development. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead.
Perkins D 1981 The mind's best work Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Persing DL 1999 ‘Managing in polychronic times: exploring individual creativity and performance in intellectually intensive venues’, Journal o f Managerial Psychology,
14(5), pp. 358-373.
Prange C ‘Organizational learning - desperately seeking theory?’, in Easterby-Smith, Araujo & Burgoyne (1999), Chapter 2, pp. 23-43.
Price 1 1995 ‘Organisational mimetics? Organisational learning as a selection process.’
Management Learning, 26(3) pp. 299-381.
Ragins BR & Scandura TA 1994 ‘Gender differences in expected outcomes of mentoring relationships’, Academy o f Management Journal, 37(4) pp. 957-971.
Rogers CR 1951 Client-centered therapy. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, MA. Rose C 1999 Master it faster: how to learn faster, make good decisions & think creatively. Accelerated Learning Systems, Aylesbury.
Russell P 1979 The brain book. Routledge, London.
Saint-Onge H 1996 ‘Tacit knowledge: the key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital’, Strategy & Leadership, 24(2), Mar.-Apr.
Scarbrough H & Burrell G 1996 ‘The axeman cometh: the changing roles and knowledges of middle managers’, in Clegg & Palmer 1996, Chapter 10, pp. 173-189. Schermerhom JR, Hunt JG & Osborn RN 1997 Organizational behavior. (6th Ed.) Wiley, New York.
Schon D 1991 The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. Ashgate, Aldershot.
Seeley Brown J & Solomon Gray E 1995 ‘After re-engineering: the people are the company’, FastCompany, 1(1), pp. 78-82.
Seneca LA 1969 Letters from a stoic. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Senge P 1990 The fifth discipline: the art and practice o f the learning organization.
Century Business, London.
Shapiro E 1997 ‘Managing in the age of gurus’, Harvard Business Review, 75(2), March- April, pp. 142-148.
Skyrme DJ 1999 Knowledge networking: creating the collaborative enterprise.
Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Skyrme DJ & Amidon DM 1997 Creating the knowledge-based business. Business Intelligence, London.
Stacey R 1992 Managing chaos: dynamic business strategies in an unpredictable world.
Kogan Page, London.
Stacey R 1996 Strategic management and organisational dynamics. Pitman, London. Staw BM & Cummings LL (Eds.) 1988 Research in organization behavior: Volume 10. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
Stewart TA 1997 Intellectual capital: the new wealth o f organizations. Nicholas Brealey, London.
Storr A 1988 The school o f genius. Deutsch, London.
Storr A 1996 Feet o f clay: a study o f gurus. HarperCollins, London.
Teece DJ, Pisano G & Schuen A 1997 ‘Dynamic capabilities and strategic management’,
Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), pp. 509-534.
Torbert WR 1991 The power o f balance: transforming s e lf society, and scientific inquiry. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Training Agency 1989 Development o f assessable standards fo r national certification.
Training Agency, Sheffield.
Underwood J 1989 ‘Competent managers - What for? A question of purpose, values and ethics’, Management Education and Development, 20(3), pp. 139-142.
Vermaak H & Weggeman M 1999 ‘Conspiring fruitfully with professionals: new
management roles for professional organisations’, Management Decision, 37(1), pp. 29- 44.
Wallas G 1926 The art o f thought. Harcourt, New York, in Schermerhom, et al, 1997 Watson G 1987 Writing a thesis ’. Longman, London.
Watson T 1994 ‘Managing, crafting and research: words, skill and imagination in shaping management research’, British Journal o f Management, 5(S), pp. S77-S87.
Watson T 1996 ‘Motivation: that’s Maslow, isn’t it?’ Management Learning, 27(4), pp. 447-464.
Weick KE 1995 Sensemaking in organizations. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Whitfield PR 1975 Creativity in industry. Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Wilson EM & Mishra PN 1999 ‘More thoughts about gurus’, paper presented at the First International Critical Management Studies Conference, University of Manchester. Winnicott D 1960 Playing and reality. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
Woodman RW, Sawyer JE & Griffin RW 1993 ‘Towards a theory of organizational creativity’, Academy o f Management Review, 18(2), pp. 293-321.