• No se han encontrado resultados

CAPITULO II MARCO TEÓRICO MARCO TEÓRICO

UN PASEO POR EL BOSQUE

This is the first study to examine factors associated with effective enrollment in a clinical trial for women with suicidality. Attitudinal factors, socioeconomic factors, and severity in clinical picture were not significant barriers for individuals in this study. Unlike some previous research, we were able to effectively recruit individuals with depression and suicidality. We attribute this high recruitment rate to using social media as a recruitment platform, using advertisements which made it clear that we are looking for women with suicidal thoughts, and encouraging women during the study to accurately describe the extent to which they feel depressed and suicidal. We established rapport with our participants by conveying that we wish to understand them and would work with them on an outpatient basis given that they did not show express clear imminent risk of suicide attempt.

Despite significant efforts to recruit minority participants, such as creating specific ads for minorities, and having a diverse staff, race was a barrier to recruiting African American and Asian American women. At this point, it remains largely unknown why we were unsuccessful in recruiting minority women. This is especially unclear given that traditionally assumed barriers were not associated with failure to enroll. It is imperative that future researchers include suicidal women in clinical research and determine why minority women are less likely to enroll in these studies. By determining the true barriers that prevent minority women from participating in research, we will be able to make research more inclusive so that the results of our studies can

REFERENCES

American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. (2016). Suicide Statistics. Retrieved from https://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/

Alegría, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C., Takeuchi, D., … Meng, X.-L. (2008). Disparity in Depression Treatment among Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the United States. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 59(11), 1264–1272. doi:

http://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.11.1264

Baca-Garcia E. (2003) Association between the menses and suicide attempts: A replication study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(2), 237-244.

doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000058375.50240.F6.

Baca-Garcia, E., Díaz-Sastre, C.,& Leon, D.J. (2000). The relationship between menstrual cycle phases and suicide attempts. Psychosomatic medicine, 62(1), 50-60.

Baca- Garcia, E., Diaz-Sadtre, C., Ceverino, A., Perez-Rodriquez, M.M., Navarro-Jimenez, R., Lopez- Castroman, J., Saiz-Ruiz, J., Leon, J.D., & Oquendo, M.A. (2010). Suicide attempts among women during low estradiol/low progesterone states. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44 (4), 209-214. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.004

Bhar, S.S., Wiltsey-Stirman, S., Zembroski, D., McCray, L., Oslin, D.W., Brown, G.K., & Beck,A.T. (2013). Recruiting older men for geriatric suicide research. International Psychogeriatrics, 25 (1), 88-95. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S104161021200138X Bryan, C.J., & Rudd, M.D. (2005). Advances in the assessment of suicide risk. Journal of

Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 185-200. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20222

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Leading causes of death. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Depression. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/basics/mental-illness/depression.htm

Center for Disease Control and Preventions (2017). Violence Preventions. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/definitions.html

Cheng, J. K. Y., Fancher, T. L., Ratanasen, M., Conner, K. R., Duberstein, P. R., Sue, S., & Takeuchi, D. (2010). Lifetime Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Asian Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(1), 18–30.

http://doi.org/10.1037/a0018799

Corbie-Smith, G., Moody-Ayers, S., & Thrasher, A.D. (2004). Closing the circle between minority inclusion in research and health disparities. Archives of Internal Medicine 164(13), 1362-1364. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.13.1362

Crane, C., & Williams, J.M.G. (2010). Factors associated with attrition from mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with a history of suicidal depression. Mindfulness, 1(1), 10- 20. doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0003-8

Durant, R. W., Legedza, A. T., Marcantonio, E. R., Freeman, M. B., & Landon, B. E. (2011). Different Types of Distrust in Clinical Research Among Whites and African

Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 103(2), 123–130.

Farmer, D. F., Jackson, S. A., Camacho, F., & Hall, M. A. (2007). Attitudes of African American and low socioeconomic status White women toward medical research. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 18(1), 85-99. doi:10.1353/hpu.2007.0008

Fisher, J. A., & Kalbaugh, C. A. (2011). Challenging Assumptions About Minority Participation in US Clinical Research. American Journal of Public Health, 101(12), 2217–2222. http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300279

George, S., Duran, N., & Norris, K. (2014). A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), E16-E31. Retrieved from

http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1499845148?ac countid=14244

Gibbons, C.J., Stirman, S.W., Brown, G.K., & Beck, A.T. (2010). Engagement and retention of suicide attempters in clinical research. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 31 (2), 62-68. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000018

Gibbs, J. T. (1997). 8 African‐American Suicide: A Cultural Paradox. Suicide and Life- Threatening Behavior, 27(1), 68-79.

Hom, M.A., & Joiner, T.E. (2016). Predictors of treatment attrition among adult outpatients with clinically significant suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22318

Horowitz, C. R., Mimsie Robinson, R., & Seifer, S. (2009). Community-Based Participatory Research from the Margin to the Mainstream: Are Researchers Prepared? Circulation, 119(19), 2633–2642. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.729863

Joiner, T.E.J., Walker, R.L., Rudd, M.D., & Jobes, D.A. (1999). Scientizing and routinizing the assessment of suicidality in outpatient practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30(5), 447- 453. doi:10.1037//0735-7028.30.5.447.

Leenaars AA, Dogra TD, Girdhar S, Dattagupta S, & Leenaars L. (2009). Menstruation and suicide. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 30(4), 202- 207. doi:10.1027/0227- 5910.30.4.202.

Linehan, M.M., Comtois, A., &Ward-Ciesielski, E.F. (2012). Assessing and managing risk with suicidal individuals. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19 (2), 218-232. doi:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.11.008

McGuire, T. G., & Miranda, J. (2008). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Care: Evidence and Policy Implications. Health Affairs (Project Hope), 27(2), 393–403. doi: http://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.393

Saunders, K.E.A., & Hawton, K. (2006). Suicidal behaviour and the menstrual cycle. Psychological Medicine, 36(7), 910-912. doi:

https://doiorg.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/10.1017/S0033291706007392

Scharff, D.P., Mathews, K.J., Jackson, P., Hoffsuemmer, J., Martin, E., Edward, D. (2010). More than Tuskegee: Understanding mistrust about research participation. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 21(3), 879-897, doi: 10.1353/hpu.0.0323.

Spates, K. (2014). Racial suicide paradox. In S. Thompson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity and social justice. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved from

http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/row mandasj/racial_suicide_paradox/0?institutionId=1724

Stanley, I.H., Hom, M.A., & Joiner, T.E. (2015). Mental health service use among adults with suicide ideation, plans, or attempts: Results from a national survey. Psychiatric Services, 12(66), 1296-1302, doi: 10.1176/appi.ps. 201400593

Steele, L., Dewa, C., & Lee, K. (2007). Socioeconomic status and self-reported barriers to mental health service use. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(3), 201-6. Retrieved from http://libproxy.lib.unc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/222841488?acc ountid=14244

Wall, L. L. (2006). The medical ethics of Dr J Marion Sims: a fresh look at the historical record. Journal of Medical Ethics, 32(6), 346–350. http://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.012559 Ward, E. C., & Heidrich, S. M. (2009). African American Women’s Beliefs About Mental

Illness, Stigma, and Preferred Coping Behaviors. Research in Nursing & Health, 32(5), 480–492. http://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20344

Williams, D. R., Mohammed, S. A., Leavell, J., & Collins, C. (2010). Race, Socioeconomic Status and Health: Complexities, Ongoing Challenges and Research Opportunities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 69-101. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x

Woodall, A., Morgan, C., Sloan, C., & Howard, L. (2010). Barriers to participation in mental health research: Are there specific gender, ethnicity and age related barriers?. BMC Psychiatry, 10

Wang, M., Seippel, L., Purdy, R.H., & Bäckström, T. (2013) Relationship between symptom severity and steroid variation in women with premenstrual syndrome: Study on serum pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81(3), Wyatt, L. C., Ung, T., Park, R., Kwon, S. C., & Trinh-Shevrin, C. (2015). Risk factors of suicide

and depression among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander youth: a systematic literature review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 26(2 0), 191–237. http://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2015.00591076-1082.

Documento similar