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Despite an impact assessment having been made for each environmental problem, a summary of the chapter on Socio-economic impact assessment is presented below divided into the sources that signify a significant impact per environmental problem. After reported costs it is indicated in brackets which proposed measures the costs relate to, see Chapter 2.

On-site wastewater treatment systems

On-site wastewater treatment systems are principally a source of impact for the environmental problem of eutrophication. The present-day rates of measures is not sufficient, and the number of small wastewater treatment systems needing to be dealt with increases every year. The

programme of measures proposes instruments in the form of increased supervision and

examination for county administrative boards and municipalities, requirements for a high level of protection for on-site wastewater treatment systems and the development of instruments to increase the motivation for property owners to deal with their wastewater. Instruments that can create motivation of property owners to deal with their wastewater are an environmental tax with the possibility of tax exemption or a system of charges with emission templates. The costs of instruments linked to on-site wastewater treatment systems and eutrophication are estimated at a total of SEK 3 billion (proposed measures: Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Measure 1; Municipalities, Measure 1; County administrative boards, Measure 2). Physical measures for on-site wastewater treatment systems are estimated at SEK 1.5 billion.

Wastewater treatment plants and sewer networks

Wastewater treatment plants and sewer networks are sources of impact for the environmental problems eutrophication and environmental toxins. Several wastewater treatment plants have reduced their nitrogen discharges to fulfil the requirements of the Wastewater Directive. The programme of measures proposes instruments in the form of supervision with requirements for increased treatment and introduction of a trading scheme with phosphorus certificates or general regulations with dispensation by agreement under the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's remit from the Government concerning instruments for wastewater treatment plants. Costs of instruments linked to eutrophication and wastewater treatment plans and sewer systems are approximately SEK 140 million in total (proposed measures: Swedish Environmental

Protection Agency, Measures 1 and 2; County administrative boards, Measure 1; Municipalities, Measure 4). The cost of physical measures is estimated at SEK 347 million. These measures also reduce the impact of environmental toxins in connection with wastewater treatment plants, and the costs of environmental toxins are therefore not presented separately in this case. The

administrative costs for environmental toxins linked to wastewater treatment plants (mainly) are estimated at a total of SEK 14 million (proposed measures: County administrative boards, Measures 1 and 2; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Measure 3; Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Measure2). Costs of physical measures total SEK 22 million per year.

42 Stormwater

Stormwater is a source of impact in particular for environmental toxins but also for eutrophication. Instrument measures proposed in the programme of measures are water and wastewater plans, supervisory guidance and increased supervision, as well as clarification of legislation concerning stormwater. Costs linked to instruments for environmental toxins in stormwater are costs of municipal water and wastewater plans, new regulations at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and supervisory guidance, and total SEK 291 million (proposed measures Swedish

Environmental Protection Agency, Measure 10; Surgeon General, Measure 1; Municipalities, Measure 8). The total cost of measures for all physical stormwater measures targeted at surface waters in all districts is SEK 82 million. The total cost of groundwater measures for stormwater measures for protection against groundwater pollutants is SEK 3 million in all districts.

Administrative costs of stormwater measures linked to eutrophication are estimated at SEK 3 million (proposed measures: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Measure 10; Municipalities, Measure 7), while the cost of physical measures for this is estimated at SEK 87 million.

Agriculture

Agriculture is a source of impact for the environmental problems eutrophication and environmental

toxins. The impact of agriculture on lakes and rivers relates to the areas of continuity, morphology

and hydrology within the environmental problem physical modifications. The instrument measures proposed in the programme of measures relate to measures for ecological buffer zone and

regulations from the Swedish Board of Agriculture concerning agricultural measures such as structural liming and buffer zones, in addition to which supervision, increased advice and self- inspection are proposed. Costs of instruments linked to agriculture and eutrophication are estimated at SEK 518 million total (proposed measures: Swedish Board of Agriculture, Measures 1, 5a; County administrative boards, Measures 4, 5a, 8d; Municipalities, Measure 2a). The cost of physical measures is estimate at a total of SEK 2 billion. Additional administrative costs for reduced spreading of plant protection products in the environmental problem of environmental toxins are costs of expanded advice at SEK 11 million per year and costs of supervisory guidance totalling SEK 400 000 per year (proposed measures: Swedish Board of Agriculture, easure1, 5; Swedish Chemicals Agency, Measure 1; Municipalities, Measure 2; County administrative boards, Measure 5). In addition, there are non-recurring costs for regulation of SEK 1 million.

Compensation at SEK 1450 per hectare produces a cost of approx. SEK 73 million per year for growing crops without the use of pesticides. Extra administrative costs for the development and design of grants for ecological buffer zones total SEK 1 million. In addition, there are regular administrative costs of support estimated at SEK 370 000 annually (proposed measure: Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Measure 5). The introduction of ecological buffer zones also touches on the environmental problems of eutrophication and environmental toxins. The physical costs of introducing ecological buffer zones is estimated at SEK 164 million per year.

Forestry

Forestry is a source of impact for acidification, eutrophication and environmental toxins and physical

impact. The programme of measures proposes instruments as technical guidelines on land use for

example in forest ditching, guidance for reduced leaching and advice. Costs of instruments linked to acidification are estimated at SEK 1 million (Swedish Forest Agency, Measure 7). The cost of physical measures in the form of return of ash is estimated at a total of SEK 21 million. Ecological buffer zones can also be introduced in forestry, see under the heading of agriculture.

Sulphide soils

Sulphide soils are a source of impact for the environmental problem of acidification. The programme of measures proposed instrument measures in the form of technical guidelines and

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advice on land use. Costs of instruments linked to acidification total SEK 1 million (Geological Survey of Sweden, Measure 2; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Measure 12).

Industry

Industry is a source of impact for the environmental problems of environmental toxins and

eutrophication. The programme of measures proposes instruments in the form of regulations and

supervisory guidance to reduce discharges (e.g. increased requirements for treatment) and

examination and supervision of environmentally hazardous activity and water operations. Costs of instruments linked to eutrophication caused by industry are estimated at SEK 12 million (County administrative boards, Measure 1).

Hydropower production

Hydropower production is a source of impact in the environmental problem of changed habitats due

to physical modification. The action programme proposes instrument measures in the form of

guidance from national authorities, preparation of action plans for river basins and supervision and examination. Additional costs concern review of hydropower plants and dams with permits predating the Environmental Code. A doubling of the present-day rate of review signifies a further cost of around SEK 107 million per year (Legal, Financial and Administrative Services Agency, Measure 1; County administrative boards, Measure 1). Costs of supervision are estimated at SEK 16 million per year (County administrative boards, Measure 3). In addition, there are non- recurring costs for supervisory guidance, preparation of guidelines, action plans and revision of strategy totalling around SEK 43 million. Additional costs as a result of proposed physical measures total around SEK 470 million per year. This cost is distributed among the following measures: removal of migration obstacles, technical or natural fish passage, elver ladders, removal of dams, environmentally sound flows and minimum discharge. A total of 6900 physical measures have been proposed.

Land drainage and floatway-affected water bodies

Land drainage is a source of impact for the environmental impact of habitats changed by physical

modification and to some extent also acidification (sulphide soils). Supervision of land use is highly

resource-intensive and ineffective. As well as shortage of resources at the supervisory authority, this is principally due to unclear responsibilities the drainage enterprises and in water bodies affected by historical floatway activity. The programme of measures proposes instrument measures in the form of guidance, advice and technical guidelines to reduce impact, development of a national strategy and overhaul of legislation, examination and supervision. Costs of

instruments linked to land drainage may be expanded review by the county administrative boards of land drainage activities (around SEK 4 million per year) and costs of expanded supervision (just over SEK 1 million per year). In addition there are non-recurring costs of guidance campaigns and preparation of guidelines totalling SEK 2 million (National Heritage Board and Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Measure 1; Swedish Board of Agriculture, Measure 2; Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Measure 7; Swedish Forest Agency, Measures 6 a-c). A strategy is also proposed relating to the financing of cancelled floatways at a cost of SEK 200 000 (Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Measure 5). This financing should be formulated in the form of grants that signify annual support of around SEK 35 million per year up to 2021. It is to be possible for this grant to be applied for by municipalities for the purpose of restoring

floatways.

Additional costs as a result of proposed physical measures total SEK 140 million per year. This cost is broken down into the following measures: Restoration of cleaned and straightened rivers, laying of stones, blocks and gravel, environmentally friendly ditch cleaning, restoration of rivers in culverts and floatway restoration. A total of 3200 physical measures have been proposed. In the impact assessment for changed habitats due to physical modification, a measure targeted at the

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Swedish Forest Agency is proposed (Measure 6) to prepare guidelines for land drainage, protective ditching and ditch cleaning, which it is also to be possible to use in follow-up of environmental consideration to assess whether ditch cleaning has led to environmental quality standards for water not having been complied with (SEK 300 000). These guidelines are also expected to lead to reduced acidification impact from acidic sulphate soils

Buildings and infrastructure

Buildings and infrastructure are sources of impact in the environmental problems of changed

habitats due to physical modification and insufficient groundwater protection and changed groundwater levels. The programme of measures proposes instruments in the form of increased inspection,

maintenance and construction of road passages, cataloguing and planning, supervision and examination, water protection areas and water supply plans. Additional administrative costs are half-day training for Swedish Transport Administration contractors estimated to cost

SEK 144 000 per year (Swedish Transport Administration, Measure 2). Additional costs of physical measures as a result of the proposed measure of re-laying of road culverts total around SEK 13 million per year.

Water abstraction

Water abstraction is a source of impact in the environmental problem of changed groundwater

levels. The programme of measures proposes instruments in the form of water protection areas,

physical planning, expanded supervision and water supply plans. Costs of instruments linked to water abstraction and groundwater levels are estimated at SEK 380 million (Municipalities, Measure 6e).

Shipping and ports

Shipping and ports are sources of impact for the environmental problems of acidification,

environmental toxins and physical modification. The programme of measures proposes instruments

in the form of regulations on dredging and other water operations, guidelines on discharges of acidifying substances and monitoring. These measures do not generate any costs beyond those that already occur.

Atmospheric deposition

Atmospheric deposition is a source of impact for the environmental problems of acidification and

environmental toxins. The programme of measures proposes instruments in the form of guidelines

on discharges of acidifying substances, supervision and permit review. Costs of instruments linked to acidification and atmospheric deposition are estimated at SEK 200 000 (guidance on

supervision) (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Measure 6).

Areas damaged by pollution

Areas damaged by pollution are a source of impact for the environmental problem of environmental

toxins. The pace of measures for areas damaged by pollution is too slow to meet the environmental

quality standards in time. The programme of measures proposes measures in the form of changed order of priority, for example for the supervision and new regulations of the county administrative boards and the municipalities. Administrative costs of instruments arise for increased supervision in county administrative boards and municipalities at a total of SEK 16 million per year

(Municipalities, Measure 1b; County administrative boards, Measure 10). Costs of physical

measures total SEK 12.42 billion to clean up 414 polluted sites. An average cost of SEK 30 million per site has been assumed.

45 Introduced species

Introduced species are the principal source of impact for the environmental problem of alien

species. Instruments proposed in the programme of measures are the development of financial

grants for work on alien species, supervision and information for increased knowledge and advice and guidelines on trading in alien species. The costs are estimated at around SEK 50 million per year for the implementation of physical measures in water bodies. Costs of implementing

instruments are estimated at around SEK 13.6 million per year (Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, Measures 9 and 10; County administrative boards, Measures 14 and 15).