In 2014 the net gain of $91 million (a net gain amounting to $136 million in 2013) includes the Group’s share of $90 million ($135 million in 2013) in the net profit or loss of the investees accounted for using the equity method, and a net gain of $1 million (net gain of $1 million in 2013) consisting of impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses, accruals to the investment provision and dividend income. In detail the item mainly includes: entities of Agricultural Equipment $75 million ($91 million in 2013), entities of Construction Equipment zero (zero in 2013), entities of Commercial Vehicles $-2 million ($30 million in 2013) and entities of Financial Services $18 million ($15 million in 2013). In particular, in 2014 dividend income includes: Turk Traktor Ve Ziraat Makineleri A.S. $52 million ($41 million in 2013), Naveco Ltd $25 million ($23 million in 2013) and CNH Industrial Capital Europe S.a.S. zero ($6 million in 2013).
11. Income taxes
Income taxes recognized in the consolidated income statement consist of the following:
($ million) 2014 2013
Current taxes 568 808
Deferred taxes 68 (41)
Taxes relating to prior periods (70) 17
Total Income taxes 566 784
Taxes relating to prior periods include the costs arising from certain disputes with tax authorities net of adjustments to tax contingency reserves.
The effective tax rate for 2014 was 38.2% (effective tax rate of 39.2% in 2013). The decrease of the effective tax rate in 2014 was primarily due to the net result of the exceptional pre-tax charge relating to the re-measurement of Venezuelan assets recognized in 2014, for which no corresponding tax benefit was recorded, that was more than offset by the favorable resolution of tax audits recorded during 2014.
The reconciliation between the tax charges recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements and the product of the Profit before taxes multiplied by the applicable tax rate is as follows:
($ million) 2014 2013
Statutory income taxes 319 465
Tax effect of permanent differences 10 8
Taxes relating to prior years (70) 17
Difference between foreign tax rates and the statutory tax rate 171 272 Deferred taxes relating to prior years (70) (72)
Deferred tax assets not recognized 104 120
Use of tax losses for which no deferred tax assets were recognized (1) (39)
Other differences 103 13
Current and deferred income tax recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements 566 784
In the tax rate reconciliation the applicable tax rate (average UK tax rate) is 21.5% for 2014 and 23.25% for 2013. Permanent differences in the above reconciliations include the tax effect of non-taxable income of $166 million in 2014 ($219 million in 2013) and of non-deductible costs of $176 million in 2014 ($227 million in 2013).
In 2014, deferred tax assets had an overall negative effect of $33 million on the reconciliation as the result of the non-recognition of deferred tax assets on temporary differences and tax losses arising during the year of $104 million, partially offset by the recognition of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets of $71 million.
In 2013, deferred tax assets had an overall negative effect of $9 million on the reconciliation as the result of the non-recognition of deferred tax assets on temporary differences and tax losses arising during the year of $120 million, partially offset by the recognition of previously unrecognized deferred tax assets of $111 million.
CNH Industrial recognizes in its consolidated statement of financial position within Deferred tax asset, the amount of Deferred tax assets less the Deferred tax liabilities of the individual consolidated companies, where these may be offset. Amounts recognized are as follows:
($ million) At December 31, 2014 At December 31, 2013
Deferred tax assets 1,655 1,672
Deferred tax liabilities (399) (302)
Total 1,256 1,370
The decrease of $114 million in net deferred tax assets is mainly due to the following: for $75 million to the positive tax effect of items recognized directly in equity;
for $68 million to the negative effect recognized in profit or loss of the utilization, net of valuation allowances, of deferred tax assets/liabilities recognized on temporary differences and tax losses arising during the year; and
for $121 million to the negative effect of foreign exchange differences (exchange losses of $136 million) and other changes (increases of $15 million).
In 2014 and 2013, Deferred tax assets, net of Deferred tax liabilities may be analyzed by source as follows:
($ million) At December 31, 2013 Recognized in income
statement Charged to equity
Translation differences and other changes At December 31, 2014 Deferred tax assets arising from:
Taxed provisions 1,061 84 - (88) 1,057
Inventories 237 20 - (12) 245
Taxed allowances for doubtful accounts 229 (2) - (27) 200
Provision for employee benefits 561 (54) 13 53 573
Intangible assets 232 (44) - (26) 162
Write-downs of financial assets 95 (15) - (10) 70
Measurement of derivative financial instruments (21) 66 4 - 49
Other 374 26 6 (40) 366
Total 2,768 81 23 (150) 2,722
Deferred tax liabilities arising from:
Accelerated depreciation (466) (101) - 6 (561)
Deferred tax on gains on disposal - - - - -
Inventories (134) (4) - 3 (135)
Provision from employee benefits (17) 1 2 2 (12)
Capitalisation of development costs (477) (51) - 28 (500)
Other (339) (77) 59 23 (334)
Total (1,433) (232) 61 62 (1,542)
Theoretical tax benefit arising from tax loss carryforwards 719 132 2 (33) 820 Adjustments for assets whose recoverability is not probable (684) (49) (11) - (744) Total Deferred tax assets, net of Deferred tax liabilities 1,370 (68) 75 (121) 1,256 The decision to recognize Deferred tax assets is taken for each company in the Group by assessing critically whether the conditions exist for the future recoverability of such assets on the basis of updated strategic plans, accompanied by the related tax plans. For this reason, the total theoretical future tax benefits arising from deductible temporary differences of $2,722 million at December 31, 2014 and of $2,768 million at December 31, 2013 and tax loss carryforwards of $820 million at December 31, 2014 and of $719 million at December 31, 2013 have been reduced by $744 million at December 31, 2014 and by $684 million at December 31, 2013.
In particular, Deferred tax assets, net of Deferred tax liabilities, include $343 million at December 31, 2014 ($305 million at December 31, 2013) of tax benefits arising from tax loss carryforwards. At December 31, 2014, a further tax benefit of $477 million ($414 million at December 31, 2013) arising from tax loss carryforwards has not been recognized.
Deferred taxes have not been provided on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries since the Group is able to control the timing of the distribution of these reserves and it is probable that they will not be distributed in the foreseeable future.
The totals of deductible and taxable temporary differences and accumulated tax losses at December 31, 2014, together with the amounts for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized, analyzed by year of expiry, are as follows:
Year of expiry
($ million)
Total at December 31,
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Beyond 2018 indeterminableUnlimited/
Temporary differences and tax losses:
Deductible temporary differences 10,162 4,190 1,610 1,479 1,172 1,704 7 Taxable temporary differences (4,617) (760) (969) (961) (877) (994) (56)
Tax losses 3,596 29 23 29 683 523 2,309
Temporary differences and tax losses for which
deferred tax assets have not been recognized (3,923) (331) (282) (362) (970) (793) (1,185) Temporary differences and tax losses 5,218 3,128 382 185 8 440 1,075