2. Marco Teórico
2.1.5. Planificación y ejecución de la convivencia en el aula: código de
Before setting out on the research, a preliminary fieldwork was embarked upon by the researcher and two research assistants who worked along with the researcher within the chosen study areas. After the orientation exercise, request/notification letters, attached with the consent forms (Appendix I and II), were distributed to workers in selected homes, child-care centres, schools, religious and foster institutions located within the selected study areas for the purpose of informing and requesting families, parents, children, child-care workers and teachers to be part of the research. It took some days before the consent forms were fully filled and returned to the researcher. Those willing to participate filled in their home addresses, names of family members, occupational, literacy and other demographic details in the consent forms with their signatures appended to indicate acceptance and willingness to participate in the research.
Consistent with purposive sampling method guided by the demographic details presented in the consent forms, participants were randomly selected from the ten purposively chosen study areas. With the help of the fieldwork assistants, a community list indicating the homes, families, parents‘ occupational and literacy status, names of child-care centres, schools, religious and foster institutions that fell within the focus of the research was prepared. The listing reflected the
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age, educational status and occupational sectors under investigation. By a simple random sampling method, samples for each study location were selected. Once the list of the participants was prepared, visiting appointments were scheduled to seek permission on when to hold interviews, call in as a participant observer and visiting researcher.
Thereafter, a synergetic fieldwork sampling of the ten (10) communities, namely, New Bodija, Old Bodija, Ikolaba Estate, Oluyole Estate and Jericho GRA, Beere, Mapo, Molete, Orogun and Apata in five (5) Local Government areas including Ibadan North, Ibadan North East, Ibadan North West, Ibadan South East and Ibadan South West, was embarked upon (Table 1). The sampled communities in New Bodija, Old Bodija, Ikolaba Estate, Oluyole Estate and Jericho GRA were chosen based on the conception that they are popular residences situated within the planned geographical areas in the city. Likewise, they are part of the domicile of most literate parents who are involved in formal and informal occupations in Ibadan. The sampled locations in Beere, Mapo, Molete, Orogun and Apata were selected due to their environmental characteristics as the developing districts where literate and illiterate parents are involved in both formal and informal occupations.
Table: 1 Characteristic of the Study Areas Study Area Local Government
Area
1991 Base Population
Figure
2012 Forecast Population
Figure
New Bodija Ibadan North 11890 21364
Old Bodija Ibadan North 11890 21362
Ikolaba Estate Ibadan North 6575 11814
Jericho GRA Ibadan North-West 1234 2217
Oluyole Estate Ibadan South-West 5097 9158
Orogun Ibadan North 13478 24218
Beere Ibadan North-East 1307 2348
Mapo Ibadan South-East 1888 3392
Molete Ibadan South-East 10902 19589
Apata Ibadan South-West 31443 56498
Source: National Population Commission, Ibadan, Oyo-State (Nigeria 2006 Census Figures)
The choice of the ten (10) study locations was informed by the comparative representation of the study‘s findings. From each of the ten (10) sampled communities, two (2) homes and three (3) family units were randomly selected for objective observation of the people‘s daily activities, especially the ones relating to the subject of study. As such, the researcher stayed one month in each of twenty (20) homes as a participant observer, and visited other thirty (30) participating
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family units within the period, acting in the latter homes only as an observer in that the researcher did not substantially partake in the child-rearing activities within these other homes (Table 2). It is important to note that in each of the sampled home and family unit, there is at least a working parent and a child who is either an infant/toddler, or in early/middle childhood.
Aside from the children and parents, the observation also focused on the contributions of extended family members residing in some of the selected homes. Likewise the observation went beyond some of the homes because sometimes the researcher accompanied the child/children residing in the selected homes to child-care centres, schools and religious institutions from time to time in order to note their participation in school activities, church services and events. This follow-up was embarked upon for the purpose of presenting data on the daily routine of the observed child-rearing activities.
The observations however, served as useful resources in collating qualitative data on the changing child-rearing patterns, models of child-rearing practices and enculturation processes.
This also aided the drawing of a line between professed and observed findings that was employed for comparative purposes. As such, the total number of homes observed during the study was twenty (20) in all while thirty (30) family units were visited for direct observational purposes (Table 2). The observation in the homes and the family units helped the researcher to have a feel of the daily child-rearing practices of the parents studied and a closer observation of the ways their children were brought up and socialized.
Table 2: Participant Observation/Direct Observation Sample Size Study Location Participant
Observation of Homes
Direct Observation of Family Units
Total
New Bodija 2 3 5
Old Bodija 2 3 5
Ikolaba Estate 2 3 5
Jericho GRA 2 3 5
Oluyole Estate 2 3 5
Orogun 2 3 5
Beere 2 3 5
Mapo 2 3 5
Molete 2 3 5
Apata 2 3 5
Total 20 30 50
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Field notes were taken during the observational processes while discussions were tape-recorded, transcribed and content-analyzed with photographic representation. As such, the data collected was reflected upon for further insight into subsequent interviews and questioning on the subject of discourse.
The in-depth interviews involved twenty-nine (29) principal informants, comprising twenty (20) parents (Appendix III), three (3)children (Appendix IV), three (3) teachers and three (3) child-care workers (Appendix V), who were randomly selected from the ten study areas and whom the researcher was in touch with throughout the period of fieldwork. The twenty-nine (29) interviews conducted (Table 3) were recorded and transcribed for qualitative data analysis. It is however important to note that the total number of participants interviewed was based on the necessity of including many shades of opinion and slices of experiences into the pool of information collected on the field.
Table 3: Interview Sample Size In-Depth
Interviews
New Bodija
Old Bodija
Ikolaba Estate
Jericho GRA
Oluyole Estate
Orogun Beere Mapo Molete Apata T
Parents 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 20
Child-Care Workers
1 - - - 1 1 - 3
Teachers - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 3
Children - - 1 1 - - - 1 3
Total 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 29
A list of probing questions, out of which thirty (30) items rated the importance of Yoruba child-rearing orientation in the past and present, changes in the cultural practice and how socio-economic transformative processes influence the shift, was collected from the consensus informants and developed into a copy of a questionnaire. Hence one (1) survey questionnaire, duplicated to a total of Two hundred and ten (210) copies (Appendix VI), was similarly administered across the four demographic groups of the sampled respondents comprising seventy-two (72) parents, sixty-three (63) children, thirty-four (34) child-care workers and forty-one (41) teachers, randomly selected from the ten study areas. The demographic sampling groupings of respondents include parents who are engaged in formal and informal occupations (22-60 years old), children (12-18 years old), child-care workers (19 years and above) and teachers (22 years and above). Children‘s questionnaires were administered in ten (10) sampled
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government/private-owned primary and secondary schools. With adequate care, a total of two hundred and ten (210) questionnaires (Table 4) were randomly administered in order to elicit differences in the respondent‘s perception on the subject of discourse, and a ten per cent (10%) margin of error was also recorded.
Table 4: Questionnaire Sample Size
Study Locations S/N Respondents Age Grouping No Total
New Bodija 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
3 4
3 4 7
2. Children 12-18 6 6
6
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 5 5
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 22
Old Bodija 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
4 3
4 3 7
2. Children 12-18 6 6
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 20
Ikolaba Estate 1. Parents 22-39 40-60
2 5
4 3 7
2. Children 12-18 7 7
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 21
Jericho GRA 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
5 2
5 2 7
2. Children 12-18 6 6
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 4 4
4. Teachers 22 and above 5 5
Total 22
Oluyole Estate 1. Parents 22-39 40-60
3 4
3 4 7
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3. Children 12-18 6 6
4. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
5. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 20
Orogun 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
3 5
3 5 8
2. Children 12-18 6 6
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 21
Beere 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
4 3
4 3 7
2. Children 12-18 7 7
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 21
Mapo 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
3 4
3 4 7
2. Children 12-18 6 6
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 20
Molete 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
4 4
4 4 8
2. Children 12-18 7 7
3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 3 3
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 22
Apata 1. Parents 22-39
40-60
3 4
3 4 7
2. Children 12-18 6 6
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3. Child-care Workers 19 and above 4 4
4. Teachers 22 and above 4 4
Total 21
Sub Total 210
In a nutshell, the total sum of the homes and family units observed was fifty (50), the individual participants interviewed were twenty-nine (29) and the questionnaires administered were two hundred and ten (210). The summary of the sampled size and demographic characteristics of the sampled participants/respondents are presented in table 5. The detailed discussion of this table comes up in the next chapters demonstrating how the data collected impact on the discourse.
Table 5: Summary of Sample Size and Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants/Respondents
Sampling Methods
Category of Sample
Total of Sampling Size
Sub Total
S/N Socio-Demographic
Characteristics of Participants/Respondents
F %
Participant Observation
Home 20 a. Age
12-18 22-39 40-60
95 91 103
32.9 31.5 35.6
Observation Family Units 30 50
In-Depth Interview
Parents Children Child-care worker Teachers
20 3 3 3
b. Gender Male Female
85 204
29.5 70.5 c. Educational Status
Pry/Secondary School O Level
OND HND Bsc/BA Masters
Professional Qualifications Ph.D.
Illiterate
99 18 16 18 27 15 34 8 54
34.2 6.2 5.5 6.2 9.3 5.1 11.7 2.7 18.6
29 29
Questionnaires Parents Children Child-care
workers Teachers 72 63 34 41
210 210
Sub-Total of of Sampled
Participants/
Respondents
289 d. Residential Area New Bodija Old Bodija Ikolaba Estate Oluyole Estate Jericho GRA Orogun Beere Mapo Molete
30 25 25 30 29 30 32 26 33
10.3 8.6 8.6 10.3 10 10.3 11 9 11.4
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Apata 29 10
e. Occupation Student Trading Banking
Private Business Teaching
Health sector Civil servant Skilled work Others
95 42 27 23 28 12 25 23 14
32.8 14.5 9.3 8 9.6 4.1 8.6 9.3 4.8 f. Religion
Christianity Islam Others
171 106 12
59.1 36.6 4.1
TOTAL 289 100