Capítulo IV: Presentación y Análisis de los Resultados
4.1. Presentación de Resultados
The selected programs were grouped according to energy efficiency improvement categories to explore the influence of the scope of the interventions. Residential energy efficiency is defined here as the quotient of the net end energy calculated to satisfy the demand for space conditioning and ventilation, and the dwelling’s area or its volume. The net end energy is the balance of the energy delivered to the boundary of the building minus the energy generated by the building itself (for example, by photovoltaic cells). As in the selected REEIs the dwellings’ area or volume remained unchanged, a reduction of the net end energy consumption equated to an improvement in energy efficiency. Predicted effectiveness of measures on the dwellings’ energy performance depends on changes in the conductivity of the building shell, air permeability of the envelope, solar gains, the efficiency of space conditioning systems and fuel sources (Míguez et al. 2006; Pérez‐Lombard et al.
2009). Occupant behaviour has a moderating effect on actual energy consumption (Guerra Santin 2012).
As the selected programs focused on material improvements, we expected that the observed effects would reflect the extent of the changes in the buildings’ thermal quality and in the efficiency of the dwellings’ operational systems. As few studies provided quantitative information on the technical changes, recourse was taken to differentiating the energy efficiency interventions according to qualitative information on the measures’ scope. The review categorised the programs into thermal retrofits, upgrades of the heating and cooling appliances, comprehensive refurbishments, purposive refurbishments and low carbon refurbishments with mechanical ventilation (Table 1). Table 2 provides an overview of the categories, selected programs and associated studies.
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Category Description
Thermal retrofit Isolated measures aimed at improving the thermal performance of the building envelope, such as the installation of ceiling insulation and draught‐proofing
Upgrade Switch to more efficient space conditioning appliances
Refurbishment Comprehensive strategy that addressed the thermal quality of the building envelope as well as its heating and cooling systems
Purposive refurbishments
Program included thermal retrofit and upgrade measures in isolation or in combination; results were mostly pooled without differentiation of intervention measures
Low carbon refurbishment
Refurbishment approach that included the use of renewable energies and included mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery
Table 1 Categorisation of energy efficiency interventions. Based on Sustainability Victoria (2012)
30 Table 2 Table of REEI categories, intervention programs with country of origin and studies mentioned in this paper, classified according to the research design typology developed by Morse (2003). For more information on the programs and a complete list of studies please refer to Supplement A.
Category Intervention program ‐ Country Studies on the program Research
design
Da ni s h doubl e gl a zed wi ndow retrofi t ‐ Denma rk Ivers en, Ba ch & Lundqvi s t 1986 QUAN
Wa rm Zone pi l ot ‐ UK El Ans a ri & El ‐Si l i my 2008 QUAN
Hous i ng Ins ul a ti on a nd Hea l th Study (HIHS) – New Zea l a nd
Howden‐Cha pma n et a l . 2004, Howden‐Cha pma n
et a l . 2007 a nd others QUAN
Ta roona hous e i nexpens i ve retrofi t ‐ Aus tra l i a Wea ver 2004 QUAN + QUAL
Hous i ng New Zea l a nd Corpora ti on( HNZC) 'Energy
Effi ci ency Retrofi t Progra m’ – New Zea l a nd Ll oyd, CR et a l . 2008 QUAN
Wa rmer Homes Scheme ‐ Irel a nd
Comba t Poverty Agency & Sus ta i na bl e Energy Authori ty of Irel a nd 2009a , 2009b, 2009c, 2009d, 2009e
QUAN
Wa rm Home Cool Home (WHCH) ‐ Aus tra l i a Johns on & Sul l i va n 2011; Johns on, Sul l i va n & Totty
2013 MMR
Cornwa l l Interventi on Study ‐ UK Somervi l l e et a l . 2000 a nd other QUAN
'Hea t wi th Rent' s cheme ‐ UK Hopton & Hunt 1996 QUAN
La mbeth Study: Hea ti ng a nd Wel l ‐bei ng i n Ol der
Peopl e ‐ UK Rudge & Wi nder 2002 a nd other QUAN + qua l
Ri vi era Hous i ng Trus t a nd Tei gnbri dge Counci l
hous i ng s tudy ‐ UK Ba s ha m et a l . 2004 MMR
Hous i ng, Hea ti ng a nd Hea l th Study (HHHS) – New Zea l a nd
Howden‐Cha pma n et a l . 2008; Howden‐Cha pma n et a l . 2009; Pi ers e et a l . 2013; Yodyi ng &
Phi pa ta na kul 2009 a nd others
QUAN+ qua l
Sheffi el d Study ‐ UK Green et a l . 2000 QUAN
Notti ngha m Energy Hous i ng a nd Hea l th s tudy ‐
UK Pretl ove et a l . 2002 a nd other QUAN
Wa tcombe Hous i ng Project ‐ UK Ba rton et a l . 2007; Ba s ha m 2003; Ri cha rds on et a l .
2006 QUAN + qua l
Scotti s h Executi ve Centra l Hea ti ng Progra mme (CHP) ‐ UK
Pl a tt et a l . 2007; Shel dri ck & Hepburn 2006; Wa l ker
et a l . 2009 a nd others QUAN
WHO Fra nkfurt hous i ng i nterventi on project ‐
Germa ny Bra uba ch, Ma tthi a s , Hei nen & Da me 2008 QUAN
US Wea theri za ti on As s i s ta nce Progra m a nd
Chi ca go Energy Sa vers Progra m ‐ USA Wi l s on et a l . 2014a QUAN
Apa rtment Retrofi t for Energy a nd Indoor
Envi ronmenta l Qua l i ty ‐ USA Nori s , Ada mki ewi cz et a l . 2013 a nd other QUAN Arma gh a nd Dunga nnon Hea l th Acti on Zone
(ADHAZ); "Home i s where the hea t i s " ‐ Irel a nd
Rugkå s a , Shortt & Boydel l 2004; Rugkå s a , Shortt &
Boydel l 2006; Shortt & Rugkå s a 2007 QUAN + qua l Wa rm Homes Project ‐ UK Ha rri ngton et a l . 2005; Heyma n, Bob et a l . 2011;
Heyma n, B. et a l . 2005 QUAN + QUAL
Wa rm Front Scheme ‐ UK
Cri tchl ey et a l . 2007; Gi l berts on et a l . 2006; Green
& Gi l berts on 2008; Hong et a l . 2009; Hong, Ores zczyn & Ri dl ey 2006; Hong et a l . 2004;
Ores zczyn, Ta dj et a l . 2006; Ores zczyn, T. et a l . 2006;
Wi l ki ns on, P et a l . 2005 a nd other
QUAN + qua l
The Home Envi ronment a nd Res pi ra tory Hea l th Study (HEARTH) ‐ UK
Os ma n, L. M. et a l . 2008; Os ma n et a l . 2010;
Os ma n, Li es l M et a l . 2008 QUAN + qua l
Wa rm Up New Zea l a nd: Hea t Sma rt (WUNZ:HS)
Progra mme – New Zea l a nd Tel fa r‐Ba rna rd et a l . 2011 a nd others QUAN
‘Hea tfes t' i nterventi on s tudy, Gl a s gow ‐ UK Ll oyd, EL et a l . 2008 QUAN + qua l Enterpri s e Green Communi ti es 'Hea l thy Hous i ng' ‐
USA Breys s e et a l . 2011 QUAN
Ada pti ve reha bi l i ta ti on of Scotti s h tenement ‐
USA Sha rpe 2013 QUAN + qua l
Enterpri s e Green Communi ti es a nd LEED l ow‐
i ncome refurbi s hment ‐ USA Ja cobs et a l . 2014 QUAN
Thermal retrofitUpgradeRefurbishmentPurposive refurbishmentLow carbon refurbishment
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