CENTRO CATÓLICO
PRIMERA LECTURA [He pecado contra el Señor.]
activities relevant to environment protection;
• Publishing material relevant to environment protection;
Progress / achievements made during the year
Development of industry / waste specific standards and guidelines
Petrochemical Industry : CPCB undertook a study to develop national emission standard for petrochemical manufacturing units (basic and intermediate products), the proposed emission standards were finalized by Expert Committee on 27.02.2009.
Petroleum Oil Refineries : A proposal for revision of load based standards for Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU) in oil refineries has been forwarded to Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) for notification.
Sulphuric Acid Plant : Revised emission standards have been have been linked to production capacities for existing & new units. They have been notified on May 07, 2008 vide G.S.R. 344(E) in Schedule-I under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Sponge Iron Plants : A document entitled ‘Comprehensive Industry Document on Sponge Iron Plans’ under COINDS series was published. The Standards were notified by Ministry of Environment & Forests vide Notification No. G.S.R. 414(E), dated the 30th May 2008 in the Gazette of India
Thermal power plants : A study for coal/ lignite based thermal power plants was completed, it also includes the latest development in the field, pollution potential (particulate matter. SO2 and NOx emissions)
and water pollution. Ash disposal and its utilization has also been assessed.
CPCB has conducted a study on development of guidelines and code of practice for control of fugitive emissions from coal and flyash storage and transfer points in thermal power plants. The study is an advance stage of completion.
Reduction of Green House Gas Emission from Cement Plants : The study on “Assessment of green house gas emission from cement plants” has been initiated in association with M/s C P Consultants Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. The study will monitor the C02 emission from cement plants and will suggest various measures for reduction of green house gas emission.
Cement manufacturing industry sector is one of the major air polluting industry sectors in the country. There are about one hundred thirty cement plants in the country with the production capacity of one hundred ninety eight MTPA. A study on “Development of COINDS on cement plants” has been undertaken in association with National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabhgarh.
Soda Ash Industries : Soda Ash industries are located in the western coast in Gujarat. A study by National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa to assess the effect of discharge of effluent from Soda Ash industries in the coastal area was undertaken. The findings of the Expert Committee are under finalization.
Electric Arc & Induction Furnaces : A study on ‘Development of Environment Standards and Good Practices for Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and Induction Furnace (IF)’ has been
undertaken by CPCB, the report is under evaluation.
Mercury Management in Fluorescent Lamp Sector : CPCB has prepared guidelines for the study on Mercury Management in Fluorescent Lamp sector. An Inter-Ministerial Group has been formed by MoEF for effective mercur y management and implementation.
Pulp & Paper Industry : Some selected pulp and paper mills were surveyed for the study on options for black liquor management of: Chemical Recover y System & Lignin Separation Technology.
Odour Control is a priority agenda for all the large integrated pulp & paper mills using kraft pulping process after inclusion in the Corporate Responsibility for Environment Protection (CREP).
Electroplating Units : Electroplating activities mostly operate in the small scale industry (SSI) sector. CPCB has constituted a National Task Force to study environmental issues of this sector.
Cashew Seed Processing Industry : A project has been undertaken to study the entire cashew nut processing industry sector in the country and suggest techno-economically feasible environmental standards.
Plaster of Paris (PoP) : A study on the above industry was undertaken, and the proposed standards for PoP have been approved by the Expert Committee of the MoEF.
Stone Crushers : Preparation of the above document has been completed. The emission standards & guidelines for pollution prevention from stone crushers have been
reviewed and revised and submitted to MoEF for notification.
Dye and Dye Intermediate Industry : Dyes and dye intermediates sector is vital in Indian chemical industry, as the sector accounts for more than half of the total export value of Indian chemical industry. Revision of effluent standards as well as development of emission standards for this sector has been taken up in association with National Chemical Laboratory, Pune
Environmental Research Activities
Testing and validation of BOD BIOSENSOR : A study for testing and validation of BOD biosensor based on microbial mixed culture for rapid BOD determination in wastewater was undertaken. The BOD measurement takes considerable time i.e. three days at 27° C or 5 days at 20°C as well as consumes more energy. To overcome these constraints, attempts were made to carry out the test with in short period, through the technique using BIO-SENSOR probes. The CPCB has developed a BIO- SENSOR and instrument for rapid BOD test in collaboration with Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi. Pilot Plant Study using Sludge - Reagent- Product (SRP) technology : An innovative technology on the above has been developed by CPCB for treatment of surface and GW. The study showed that eighty to ninety percent of chemical coagulant (alum), could be recovered from discarded alum-treated-sludge for recycling and reuse. Construction work for 0.5 MLD pilot Water treatment plant, based on SRP technology at Bhagirathi Water Works (Delhi Jal Board), Yamuna Vihar, Delhi is under progress.
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Elemental Analysis using ED-XRF Spectrophotometer : Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) Spectrometer undertakes non-destructive elemental analysis in suspended particulate matter (SPM) fractions of PM10 and PM25 of ambient air. The instrument has been commissioned at CPCB, Delhi.
Groundwater (GW) Remediation in Kanpur : The pilot project on GW Remediation executed by CPCB’s Zonal Office -Lucknow was reviewed by the Asian Development Bank Rain water profile at Agra city, Uttar Pradesh : During the year, a series of rainwater samples (May to August 2008) were analyzed for pH, conductivity besides analyses of major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, Li, K, NH4) and anions (S04, N03, P04, Br, F, CI).
Irrigation using treated effluent from paper mills : A study on utilization of treated effluent from paper mills for crop irrigation and its impact on crop productivity and soil health was conducted by CPCB.
Monitoring of Pesticide Residues - inter Ministerial Project : The project on monitoring of pesticide residues at national level has been sponsored by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC), Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi and the All India Network Project (AINP) on Pesticide Residues, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi and CPCB. It is an inter-ministerial scheme involving Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Environment and Forest and State Agricultural Universities.
Assessment of Phase Distribution of PCDDS & PCDFS in Ambient Air of Delhi : The dioxin - furan congeners have been studied by numerous researchers to have a tendency to get distributed between particulate and vapor phase of the ambient air as well as stationary source emission. The National Reference Trace Organics Laborator y of CPCB has undertaken assessment of phase distribution of seventeen congeners (2,3,7,8 substituted congeners) between particulates and vapor phase by sampling of ambient air using PUF Samplers. Color Removal from Agro-based Pulp & Paper Mill Effluent - pilot study : CPCB conducted a study on pilot scale for demonstration of electro-flocculation process for color removal from agro-based pulp & paper mill effluent. The process was found technically feasible to remove color from all types of colored effluents generated from the industry reduction of lignin, COD, BOD and toxicity in terms of AOX and total solids.
Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) by Purge and Trap Pre- Concentration Followed by Gas Chromatograph - Mass Spectrophotometer Analysis : VOCs are organic compounds that readily evaporate at normal air temperature. Fuel oils, gasoline, industrial solvents, paints, and dyes are the major sources of VOCs. The National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory (NRTOL) of CPCB has initiated the Standardization of methodology and assessment of levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in surface water, drinking water and ground water by purge & trap sample pre- concentration followed by GC-MS analysis.
Trihalomethanes (THMS) In Drinking Water Sources in Bangalore (Karnataka) : The raw potable water for at Bangalore is obtained from Arkavathi and Cauvery rivers. After treatment / disinfection the treated water is supplied to distribution points viz. TG Halli, TK Halli, Tavanakere and Tataguni. Potable water samples were collected at the outlets of these distribution points for further analysis, whether Di-chlorobromomethane were present in the samples.
Human Health Risk Assessment Studies in Asbestos based industries : Various products like asbestos-cement sheets, asbestos-cement pipes, brake lining, asbestos ropes require asbestos as raw material. The CPCB has prepared a document on “Human Health Risk Assessment Studies in Asbestos based Industries in India” in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow. The report provides detailed information on human risk of asbestos exposure and its health effects.
Laboratories Development
Evaluation and Recognition of Environmental laboratories under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 : Central Pollution Control Board in association with Ministry of Environment & Forests had developed Guidelines for Evaluation & Recognition of Environmental Laboratories under Laboratory Analytical Technical Series: LATS/9/2005-2006, this document is posted both in the websites of CPCB and MoEF websites (cpcb.nic.in / envfor.nic.in).
Strengthening of State Pollution Control Boards’ (SPCBs) Laboratories : The proposals received from various State Pollution Control
Boards through Ministry of Environment & Forests for financial assistance for strengthening of laboratories have been reviewed and suggestions provided to make the proposals comprehensive to facilitate funding.
Analytical Quality Control (AQC) for Central and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) laboratories recognized under the E.P. Act 1986 : The CPCB is monitoring a large network of water quality monitoring stations under GEMS, MINARS, GAP and YAP Programmes comprising rivers, lakes, wells, and ground waters spread over twenty seven states and six Union Territories through various SPCB . In order to obtain reliable and accurate analytical data, CPCB is regularly conducting organized Analytical Quality Control (AQC) exercise for laboratories of SPCBs / PCCs, recognized under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Laboratory Activities at CPCB’s Zonal Offices (ZOs) : Zonal Office (Z.O.) laboratory at Bangalore, Kolkata, Vadodara have highly sophisticated instruments for analysis of various environmental parameters. Strengthening of the other ZOs laboratories is underway.
Participation of CPCB Laboratories in International Proficiency Testing (PT) Programme conducted by New York State Department of Health, USA
In order to ensure analytical quality, the CPCB laboratories at HQs, Zonal Offices at Kolkata and Lucknow participated in Proficiency Testing Programme organized by New York State Dept. of Health, Wadsworth Centre, Environmental Laboratory Approval
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Programme, Albany New York for Proficiency Test of samples related with potable water chemistry, non potable water chemistry, solid and hazardous waste, potable and non potable water bacteriology.
National Water Quality Monitoring National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP)
The CPCB established a network of water quality monitoring stations across the country, the water quality monitoring network is being operated under a three-tier programme viz.
– Global Environmental Monitoring System GEMS);
– Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System (MINARS) and
– Yamuna Action Plan (YAP).
Presently the network comprises of one thousand two hundred forty five stations spread over the country in twenty seven States and six Union Territories. Most of the sampling is done on either on a monthly or quarterly basis for surface waters bodies and on half yearly basis for ground water quality. Out of one thousand two hundred forty five stations six hundred ninety five are on rivers, eighty six on lakes, ninteen on drains, ninteen on canals, six tanks, twelve on creeks/seawater, twenty six ponds and three hundred eighty two are groundwater stations. Water quality of two hundred ninety three rivers in major, medium and minor basins is observed in the country. Water samples are analyzed for twenty eight physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters besides, nine trace metals and twenty eight pesticides are also analyzed for
some selected samples. Some major cations, anions and micro pollutants (toxic metals & POP’s) are also being analyzed once a year to keep a assess water quality over large period of time. The water quality data are reported as CPCB publications as Water Quality Status Year Book and is also displayed in CPCB’s website.
Bio-monitoring is also carried out in specific locations.
Water Quality of River Ganga
Water quality monitoring of the river Ganga and its tributaries is carried out in the State (s) of Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal at thirty nine locations by CPCB’s North Zonal Office - Lucknow. Water Quality Status of River Yamuna
The entire stretch of river Yamuna (1376 km) is being regularly monitored by CPCB on an yearly frequency at twenty locations, quarterly frequency at three locations, while on a monthly frequency at other locations. The water quality trend of the river during the last five years (2004-2008) in terms of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Bio chemical Oxygen demand (BOD), Total Coliform (TC) and Faecal Coliform (FC) has been analyzed.
Water Quality Trend
The water quality monitoring data has been analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) an indicator of organic matter and for total coliform and faecal coliform which are indicators of pathogenic bacteria. The water quality monitoring data obtained from various monitoring stations between years 1995 to 2008 indicated that organic and bacterial contamination continue to be
critical in water bodies, particularly BOD was observed to be very high at some locations on major rivers / canals.
Water Quality of River Gomti
Gomti River, a tributary of the river Ganga contributes to about 15 % flow of Ganga. The average dry weather flow of this river is reported to be 1500 MLD, which become as high as 55000 MLD during monsoon season and as low as 500 MLD during the summer. Water quality of River Gomti was monitored in 2008 from Sitapur upto confluence with river Ganga.
National Air Quality Monitoring National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
Central Pollution Control Board conducts ambient air quality monitoring under the nation-wide National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) comprising of three hundred sixty five stations covering one hundred forty one cities / towns in twenty six States and five Union Territories. Under NAMP, four criteria air pollutants have been taken up for monitoring at all the locations: – Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),
– Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),
– Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and – Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(RSPM / PM10)
The monitoring under the NAMP is being carried by Central Pollution Control Board through its Zonal Offices, State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees and National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur.
A study on the assessment of levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDS) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFS) in RSPM of ambient air at Delhi was carried out. The CPCB regularly monitors Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) in ambient air of Delhi and at several locations under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). From January 2008 the assessment of levels of dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) in particulate phase of ambient air have been undertaken by analysis of RSPM collected on glass fibre filter papers from various NAMP locations.
Emission Inventory and Source Apportionment Studies for Indian Cities
Under the project ‘Air Quality Assessment, Emission Inventory And Source Apportionment Studies For Indian Cities ‘ studies on development of emission factors for vehicles, and source emission profiles for vehicular as well as non-vehicular sources have been concluded. Source apportionment studies have been carried out at six major cities viz. Delhi (NEERI), Mumbai (NEERI), Chennai (IITM), Bangalore (TERI), Pune (ARAI) and Kanpur (IITK) for assessing contribution of different source categories in the ambient air quality and subsequent preparation of Air Quality Management Plan. The reports comprise air quality monitoring results for three seasons.
Revision of Ambient Air Quality Criteria / Standards
CPCB had taken up revision of existing National Ambient Air Quality Criteria/ Standards in association with the Indian
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Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IITK). The draft revised standards have been finalized in the 22nd meeting of the Peer & Core Committee, held in CPCB.
Ambient Air Quality Trend at Tajmahal, Agra
CPCB has been regularly monitoring ambient air quality at Agra at four locations since year 2002. Ambient air quality data of Agra is also being submitted to Hon’ble Supreme Court of India under Writ Petition (C) No. 13381/1984 M.C. Mehta Vs Union of India.
Ambient Air Quality under Male Declaration A ambient air quality station under the project ‘Ambient Air Quality Monitoring At Port Canning, West Bengal Bordering Bangladesh Under Male Declaration’ at Port Canning, West Bengal is operational since September, 2004 which also has one meteorological station. CPCB is regularly monitoring RSPM, NO2 and SO2 for at least ten days in a month. Analysis of the rainwater is also being regularly undertaken here.
Atmospheric Mixing Depth (SODAR) Observations at Delhi
Sound Detection and Ranging System (SODAR) is in continuous operation at CPCB which measures the mixing height. The SODAR data collected in different months during 2008-09 has been analysed. Mass emissions in vehicular pollution control
Automobile Pollution Control initiatives included enforcement of a variety of control measures ranging from
notification of advanced Euro-IV equivalent emission norms and commensurate fuel for new vehicles to stricter exhaust emission limits for in-use vehicles, augmentation of infrastructures for alternative fuels, mass transits and other urban planning and management options. The implementation of the road map as recommended by the Auto Fuel Policy of India has been continued for implementation. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, and the Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR), 1989, are the principal instruments for regulation of motor vehicular traffic / emissions throughout the country. The salient control measures pertain to:
– Mass Emission Standards – Fuel Quality Specifications Sewage Treatment
Status of water supply, sewage (collection, treatment and disposal) in Class-I Cities and Class-ll Towns
CPCB has initiated a survey on status of water supply, sewage collection/treatment/ disposal and municipal solid waste (MSW) collection / processing /disposal in Class-I Cities and Class-ll Towns.
Survey and monitoring major drains in National Capital Territory (NCT) Delhi
Twenty one major wastewater drains (outfalls) of NCT- Delhi are being monitored regularly by CPCB . on a monthly basis. Out of twenty one drains, seventeen drains join river Yamuna, three join the Agra Canal and one drain joins the Gurgaon canal. Najafgarh drain is the biggest drain followed by Shahdara drain. These two drains together contribute about 58% and 75% of total BOD
load and total discharge of all the monitored drains.
Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)
– In Gujarat, there are twelve sewage treatment plants located in Vadodara (three), Surat (six), Ahmedabad (two), Rajkot (one). In Maharashtra, there are twenty three STPs located in various cities. CPCB’s Zonal Office - Vadodara has monitored nine STPs in Gujarat and two STPs in Maharashtra in 2008 - 09. – The following STPs were monitored by
CPBC’s Zonal Office Bhopal in Rajasthan and M.P:
– STP Jalmahal Road, Jaipur (October 20- 21, 2008)
– STP Delawas, Jaipur (October 20-21, 2008)
– STP Kabitkhedi, Indore (March, 2009) Performance of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in U.P., Haryana and Delhi under Yamuna Action Plan
CPCB regularly monitors four sewage treatment plants constructed under Yamuna Action Plan (three STPs in Haryana State & one STP in Delhi) for their performance evaluation under National River Conservation Directorate project.
Municipal Solid Waste