Principales instrumentos de justicia restaurativa

During preparation of water supply project, following data are collected:

a) Geological data: Geological data and survey of the ground water is done in the vicinity of the area, to know the quantity of available water at various depths in the ground.

b) Hydrological data: the hydrological and the available surface water sources data in the vicinity of the area are collected to determine the quantity of water available in the surface sources.

c) Sanitary conditions of the area: The sanitary conditions of the area and data regarding possible sources of water pollution are collected for deciding the preventive measures against them.

d) Topography of the area: survey works have to be done to prepare the topographical map of the area, showing elevations of the various points, density of population in different zones. This map helps in deciding the positions of intake works and treatment plants, type of system to be adopted for conveyance and distribution of water.

e) Legal data of lands: Legal data of the lands to be purchased or acquired for the constriction of various units of water works are collected. Legal laws on land zoning, land ownership, water rights, administrative pattern etc, should also be collected, so that the acquisition of land and collection of water may not involve legal complications and delay in the construction of the project.

f) Public opinion: data on the public options are also collected, regarding the start of the project, so that while seeking administrative approval justification can be given.

(CEng-4607): Water Supply & Sewerage Lecture Notes (Water supply project planning)

Adama Science and Technology University- Department of Civil Engineering 2011/12

50 10.3 Factors to be considered

Following factors should be considered and kept in view during of the water supply project:

 Population

 Per capita requirement

 Public services

 Existing water supply

 Sources of water

 Conveyance of water

 Quality of water

 Treatment works

 Pumping units for treated water

 Reservoir

 Distribution system

 Economy and reliability

Adama Science and Technology University- Department of Civil Engineering 2011/12 51

(i) Population: factor affecting the future increase in the population are to be studied and taken into account while determining the future population for the design work.

(ii) Per capita requirement: the per capita demand of water should be determined by taking into account the various given in chaptr1

(iii) Public places, parks, institution etc: water is required for the development of parks, fire – infighting and so many other purposes at public places. During preparation of water supply project a provision should be made for the same.

(iv) Industries: The water requirement of telecasting industries as well as furor industries should be thoroughly determined and provision made in the project accordingly.

(v) Existing water supply: For towns where the project is being made for the expansion of the existing water supply scheme the details of collection, conveyance, treatment and distribution of water should be toughly studied. The spare capacity of the existing water works should alder be utilized.

(vi) Source of water: Detailed survey of the various also of water available in the vicinity of the area should be made. survey of the existing sources should also be made whether they are sufficient to meet the requirement of the future e or not .in case the present source of water is well, which cannot cater to the future needs , alternative water source should be considered ,if the flow in the available river is less, the provision of water storage by considered .if the flow in the available river is les , the provision of water storage by construction impounded reservoir should also be considered .if the river bed is sandy , collection of water through infiltration galleries may also be considered.

(vii) Conveyance of water: conveyance of water from source to the water treatment units , depends on the relative levels of the two points .it may flow directly under gravity ,if source is at higher elevation .if the water works are at higher elevation ,it is required to be popped .in case the pumping is to be done ,the capacity of the pumps is to be worked out .the rising maintains should be designed . The alignment of the rising main should be such that it should not disturb any structure in the way.

(viii) Quality of water: the analysis of the raw water should be made to know the various impurities present in it, and for deciding the treatment of water.

(ix) Treatment works. The various sizes and number of tremens units in the water – works shall depend on the quality and quantity of raw water and the desired standard of water.

(x) Pumping units for treated water. Number of number of pumps are installed in the pump house for meeting the present water pumping requirement with provision of 50% stand-by pumps for emergency . Additional pumps are installed as and when required.

(xi) Reservoir. The entire city town should be divided into several zones and a reservoir should be divided for each zone. The height of elevated reservoirs is kept such that it can supply the water to the highest story at the required pressure.

As far as possible the location of the reservoir should be at the highest point of the locality.

(CEng-4607): Water Supply & Sewerage Lecture Notes (Demand for Water)

Adama Science and Technology University- Department of Civil Engineering 2011/12 52

(xii) Distribution system. The distribution system should be deigned according to the master plan of the town, considering the future development. The designing of the main should be done on 2-3 times the average daily flow. The mains and sub-mains should be laid along the roads of the town.

(xiii) Economy and reliability. The water supply scheme should be economical and reliable. It should draw sufficient quantity of ware from the source at cheapest cost and the purification should be done up to desired limit.