Capítulo 5: Propuestas de solución
5.1. Propuesta 1: Solución integral de inteligencia de negocios
benchmark
benchmark /bentʃmɑk/ noun a point or level which is important, and can be used as a reference when making evaluations or assessments
benchmark accounting policy
benchmark accounting policy /bentʃmɑk ə|kaυntiŋ pɒlisi/ noun one of a choice of two possible policies within an International Accounting Standard. The other policy is marked as an ‘allowed alter- native’, although there is no indication of preference.
benchmarking
benchmarking /bentʃmɑkiŋ/ noun the practice of measuring the performance of a company against the performance of other companies in the same sector. Benchmark- ing is also used widely in the information technology sector to measure the perform- ance of computer-based information sys- tems.
beneficial interest
beneficial interest /benifiʃ(ə)l intrəst/ noun a situation where someone is allowed to occupy or receive rent from a house without owning it
beneficial occupier
beneficial occupier /benifiʃ(ə)l ɒkjυpaiə/ noun a person who occupies a property but does not own it fully
beneficiary
beneficiary /beni|fiʃəri/ noun a person who gains money from something 쑗 the
beneficiaries of a will
benefit
benefit /benifit/ verb 1. to make better or to improve 쑗 A fall in inflation benefits the
exchange rate. 2.
왍
to benefit from or bysomething to be improved by something, to
gain more money because of something 쑗
Exports have benefited from the fall in the exchange rate. 쑗 The employees have bene-
fited from the profit-sharing scheme.
‘…the retail sector will also benefit from the expected influx of tourists’ [Australian
Financial Review]
benefit-cost analysis
benefit-cost analysis /benifit kɒst ə|
nlisis/ noun same as cost-benefit analy- sis
benefit in kind
benefit in kind /benifit in kaind/ noun a benefit other than money received by an employee as part of his or her total compen- sation package, e.g. a company car or private health insurance. Such benefits are usually subject to tax.
Benford’s Law
Benford’s Law /benfədz lɔ/ noun a law discovered by Dr Benford in 1938, which shows that in sets of random numbers, it is more likely that the set will begin with the number 1 than with any other number
BEP
BEP abbreviation break-even point
bequeath
bequeath /bi|kwið/ verb to leave prop- erty, money, etc. (but not freehold land) to someone in a will
bequest
bequest /bi|kwest/ noun something such as property or money (but not freehold land), given to someone in a will 쑗 He made
several bequests to his staff.
best practice
best practice /best prktis/ noun the most effective and efficient way to do some- thing or to achieve a particular aim (NOTE: In business, best practice is often determined by benchmarking, that is by comparing the method one organisation uses to carry out a task with the methods used by other sim- ilar organisations and determining which method is most efficient and effective.)
‘For the past 25 years, managers have been taught that the best practice for valuing assets…is to use a discounted-cash-flow (DCF) methodology.’ [Harvard Business Review]
b/f
b/f abbreviation brought forward
BFH
BFH /bi ef aitʃ/ noun in Germany, the supreme court for issues concerning taxa- tion. Full form Bundesfinanzhof
bid
bid /bid/ noun 1. an offer to buy something at a specific price. 쒁 takeover bid
왍
to makea bid for something to offer to buy some-
thing 쑗 We made a bid for the house. 쑗 The
company made a bid for its rival.
왍
to makea cash bid to offer to pay cash for something
왍
to put in or enter a bid for something to offer to buy something, usually in writing 2.an offer to sell something or do a piece of work at a specific price 쑗 She made the low-
est bid for the job.쐽 verb to offer to buy
왍
to bid for something (at an auction) to offer to buy something
왍
he bid £1,000 for thejewels he offered to pay £1,000 for the jew-
els
bidder
bidder /bidə/ noun a person who makes a bid, usually at an auction 쑗 Several bidders
made offers for the house.
bidding
bidding /bidiŋ/ noun the act of making offers to buy, usually at an auction
왍
thebidding started at £1,000 the first and low-
est bid was £1,000
왍
the bidding stoppedat £250,000 the last bid, i.e. the successful
bid, was for £250,000
왍
the auctioneerstarted the bidding at £100 the auctioneer
suggested that the first bid should be £100
bid market
bid market /bid mɑkit/ noun a market where there are more bids to buy than offers to sell. Opposite offered market
bid-offer price
bid-offer price /bid ɒfə prais/ noun a price charged by unit trusts to buyers and sellers of units, based on the bid-offer spread
bid-offer spread
bid-offer spread /bid ɒfə spred/ noun the difference between buying and selling prices (i.e. between the bid and offer prices)
25 blind trust bid price
bid price /bid prais/ noun a price at which investors sell shares or units in a unit trust (NOTE: The opposite, i.e. the buying price, is called the offer price; the differ- ence between the two is the spread.)
bid rate
bid rate /bid reit/ noun a rate of interest offered on deposits
big business
big business /bi biznis/ noun very large commercial firms
Big Four
Big Four /bi fɔ/ noun 1. the four large British commercial banks: Barclays, Lloyd- sTSB, HSB and Natwest, now joined by sev- eral former building societies that have become banks 2. the four largest interna- tional accounting companies: Pricewater- houseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ernst & Young and KPMG 3. the four larg- est Japanese securities houses: Daiwa, Nikko, Nomura and Yamaichi
bilateral clearing
bilateral clearing /bai|lt(ə)rəl
kliəriŋ/ noun the system of annual settle- ments of accounts between some countries, where accounts are settled by the central banks
bilateral credit
bilateral credit /bai|lt(ə)rəl kredit/ noun credit allowed by banks to other banks in a clearing system, to cover the period while cheques are being cleared
bill
bill /bil/ noun 1. a written list of charges to be paid 쑗 The bill is made out to Smith Ltd
쑗 The sales assistant wrote out the bill. 쑗
Does the bill include VAT? 2. a list of charges in a restaurant 쑗 Can I have the bill
please? 쑗 The bill comes to £20 including
service. 쑗 Does the bill include service? Same as check 3. a written paper promising to pay money 4. US same as banknote쑗 a
$5 bill 5. a draft of a new law which will be discussed in Parliament 쐽 verb to present a bill to someone so that it can be paid 쑗 The
plumbers billed us for the repairs.
bill broker
bill broker /bil brəυkə/ noun a discount house, a firm which buys and sells bills of exchange for a fee
billing
billing /biliŋ/ noun the work of writing invoices or bills
billion
billion /biljən/ noun one thousand million (NOTE: In the US, it has always meant one thousand million, but in UK English it for- merly meant one million million, and it is still sometimes used with this meaning. With figures it is usually written bn: $5bn say ‘five billion dollars’.)
‘…gross wool receipts for the selling sea- son to end June 30 appear likely to top $2 billion’ [Australian Financial Review]
‘…at its last traded price the bank was cap- italized at around $1.05 billion’ [South
China Morning Post]
bill of exchange
bill of exchange /bil əv iks|tʃeind/ noun a document, signed by the person authorising it, which tells another person or a financial institution to pay money uncon- ditionally to a named person on a specific date (NOTE: Bills of exchange are usually used for payments in foreign currency.)
bill of lading
bill of lading /bil əv leidiŋ/ noun a doc- ument listing goods that have been shipped, sent by the transporter to the seller and entered in the seller’s accounts as money owed but not yet paid, and therefore as an asset
bill of materials
bill of materials /bil əv mə|tiəriəlz/ noun a document setting out the materials and parts required to make a product
bill of sale
bill of sale /bil əv seil/ noun a document which the seller gives to the buyer to show that the sale has taken place
bills payable
bills payable /bilz peiəb(ə)l/ plural noun bills, especially bills of exchange, which a company will have to pay to its creditors. Abbreviation B/P
bills receivable
bills receivable /bilz ri|sivəb(ə)l/ plu- ral noun bills, especially bills of exchange, which are due to be paid by a company’s debtors. Abbreviation B/R
BIN
BIN abbreviation bank identification number
binder
binder /baində/ noun US a temporary agreement for insurance sent before the insurance policy is issued (NOTE: The UK term is cover note.)
black economy
black economy /blk i|kɒnəmi/ noun goods and services which are paid for in cash, and therefore not declared for tax. Also called hidden economy, parallel economy, shadow economy
black market
black market /blk mɑkit/ noun the buying and selling of goods or currency in a way which is not allowed by law 쑗 There is
a flourishing black market in spare parts for cars.
blank cheque
blank cheque /blŋk tʃek/ noun a cheque with the amount of money and the payee left blank, but signed by the drawer
blanket lien
blanket lien /blŋkit lin/ noun US a lien on a person’s property, including per- sonal effects
blind entry
blind entry /blaind entri/ noun a book- keeping entry that simply records a debit or credit but not other essential information
blind trust
blind trust /blaind trst/ noun a trust set up to run a person’s affairs without the details of any transaction being known to the
blocked account 26
person concerned (NOTE: Blind trusts are set up by politicians to avoid potential conflicts of interest.)
blocked account
blocked account /blɒkt ə|kaυnt/ noun a bank account which cannot be used, usu- ally because a government has forbidden its use
blocked currency
blocked currency /blɒkt krənsi/ noun a currency which cannot be taken out of a country because of government exchange controls
blocked funds
blocked funds /blɒkt fndz/ plural noun money that cannot be transferred from one place to another, usually because of exchange controls imposed by the govern- ment of the country in which the funds are held
block trading
block trading /blɒk treidiŋ/ noun trad- ing in very large numbers of shares
Blue Book
Blue Book /blu bυk/ noun an annual publication of national statistics of personal incomes and spending patterns
blue chip
blue chip /blu tʃip/ noun a very safe investment, a risk-free share in a good com- pany
Blue list
Blue list /blu list/ noun US a daily list of municipal bonds and their ratings, issued by Standard & Poor’s
blue sky laws
blue sky laws /blu skai lɔz/ plural noun US state laws to protect investors against fraudulent traders in securities
board
board /bɔd/ noun 1. same as board of directors쑗 He sits on the board as a repre-
sentative of the bank. 쑗 Two directors were
removed from the board at the AGM. 2. a group of people who run an organisation, trust or society 3.
왍
on board on a ship, plane or train 쐽 verb to go on to a ship, plane or train 쑗 Customs officials boarded the shipin the harbour.
‘CEOs, with their wealth of practical expe- rience, are in great demand and can pick and choose the boards they want to serve on’ [Duns Business Month]
Board for Actuarial Standards
Board for Actuarial Standards /bɔd fər ktʃu|eəriəl stndədz/ noun a UK authority with responsibility for overseeing the actuarial profession and setting actuarial standards
board meeting
board meeting /bɔd mitiŋ/ noun a meeting of the directors of a company
Board of Customs and Excise
Board of Customs and Excise /bɔd əv kstəmz ənd eksaiz/ noun the ruling body of the Customs and Excise
board of directors
board of directors /bɔd əv dai|
rektəz/ noun 1. a group of directors elected by the shareholders to run a company 쑗 The
bank has two representatives on the board of
directors. 2. US a group of people elected by the shareholders to draw up company policy and to appoint the president and other exec- utive officers who are responsible for man- aging the company
‘…a proxy is the written authorization an investor sends to a stockholder meeting conveying his vote on a corporate resolu- tion or the election of a company’s board of directors’ [Barrons]
bona fide
bona fide /bəυnə faidi/ adjective trust- worthy, which can be trusted
bond
bond /bɒnd/ noun 1. a contract document promising to repay money borrowed by a company or by the government on a specific date, and paying interest at regular intervals
2.
왍
goods (held) in bond goods held by customs until duty has been paid왍
entry ofgoods under bond bringing goods into a
country in bond
왍
to take goods out ofbond to pay duty on goods so that they can
be released by customs 3. a form of insur- ance fund which is linked to a unit trust, but where there is no yield because the income is automatically added to the fund
bond discount
bond discount /bɒnd diskaυnt/ noun the difference between the face value of a bond and the lower price at which it is issued
bonded
bonded /bɒndid/ adjective held in bond
bonded warehouse
bonded warehouse /bɒndid
weəhaυs/ noun a warehouse where goods are stored until excise duty has been paid
bond fund
bond fund /bɒnd fnd/ noun a unit trust in which investments are made in the form of bonds
bondholder
bondholder /bɒnd|həυldə/ noun a per- son who holds government bonds
bond indenture
bond indenture /bɒnd in|dentʃə/ noun a document that details the terms of a bond
bondised
bondised /bɒndaizd/, bondized adjec- tive referring to an insurance fund linked to a unit trust
bond market
bond market /bɒnd mɑkit/ noun a market in which government or municipal bonds are traded
bond premium
bond premium /bɒnd primiəm/ noun the difference between the face value of a bond and a higher price at which it is issued
bond-washing
bond-washing /bɒnd wɒʃiŋ/ noun the act of selling securities cum dividend and buying them back later ex dividend, or sell- ing US Treasury bonds with the interest cou- pon, and buying them back ex coupon, so as to reduce tax
bond yield
bond yield /bɒnd jild/ noun income produced by a bond, shown as a percentage of its purchase price
27 borrowings bonus
bonus /bəυnəs/ noun an extra payment in addition to a normal payment
bonus issue
bonus issue /bəυnəs iʃu/ noun a scrip issue or capitalisation issue, in which a com- pany transfers money from reserves to share capital and issues free extra shares to the shareholders. The value of the company remains the same, and the total market value of shareholders’ shares remains the same, the market price being adjusted to account for the new shares. Also called share split
(NOTE: The US term is stock split.)
bonus share
bonus share /bəυnəs ʃeə/ noun an extra share given to an existing shareholder
book
book /bυk/ noun 1. a set of sheets of paper attached together
왍
a company’s books the financial records of a company 2. a state- ment of a dealer’s exposure to the market, i.e. the amount which he or she is due to pay or has borrowed왍
to make a book to have a list of shares which he or she is prepared to buy or sell on behalf of clientsbook inventory
book inventory /bυk invənt(ə)ri/ noun the number of stock items recorded in accounts, which is verified by a physical count
bookkeeper
bookkeeper /bυk|kipə/ noun a person who keeps the financial records of a com- pany or an organisation
bookkeeping
bookkeeping /bυk|kipiŋ/ noun the work of keeping the financial records of a company or an organisation
bookkeeping barter
bookkeeping barter /bυkkipiŋ bɑtə/ noun the direct exchange of goods between two parties without the use of money as a medium, but using monetary measures to record the transaction
bookkeeping transaction
bookkeeping transaction /bυkkipiŋ trn|zkʃən/ noun a transaction which involves changes to a company’s books of accounts, but does not alter the value of the company in any way, e.g. the issue of bonus shares
book of account
book of account /bυk əv ə|kaυnt/ noun an account book, a book which records financial transactions
book of prime entry
book of prime entry /bυk əv praim entri/, book of original entry noun a chronological record of a business’s transac- tions arranged according to type, e.g., cash or sales. The books are then used to generate entries in a double-entry bookkeeping sys- tem.
book sales
book sales /bυk seilz/ plural noun sales as recorded in the sales book
book value
book value /bυk vlju/ noun the value of an asset as recorded in the company’s bal- ance sheet
book value per share
book value per share /bυk vlju pə ʃeə/ noun a company’s own assessment of the value of its shares, which may differ con- siderably from the market value
boom
boom /bum/ noun a time when sales, pro- duction or business activity are increasing 쑗
a period of economic boom 쑗 the boom of
the 1990s
booming
booming /bumiŋ/ adjective expanding or becoming prosperous 쑗 a booming indus-
try or company 쑗 Technology is a booming
sector of the economy.
boost
boost /bust/ noun help given to increase something 쑗 This publicity will give sales a
boost. 쑗 The government hopes to give a
boost to industrial development.쐽 verb to make something increase 쑗 We expect our
publicity campaign to boost sales by 25%. 쑗
The company hopes to boost its market share. 쑗 Incentive schemes are boosting
production.
‘…the company expects to boost turnover this year to FFr 16bn from FFr 13.6bn last year’ [Financial Times]
BOP
BOP abbreviation balance of payments
border tax adjustment
border tax adjustment /bɔdə tks ə|
dstmənt/ noun a deduction of indirect tax paid on goods being exported or imposi- tion of local indirect tax on goods being