A gnello V, C hung RT, K aplan LM. A role for hepatitis C virus infection in type II cryoglobulinaem ia. N Engl J M ed 1992;327:1490-1495
Ahn SH, Han KH, Park JY, Lee CK, K ang SW, C hon CY, Kim YS, Park K, Kim DK, M oon YM. A ssociation betw een hepatitis B virus infection and H LA -D R type in Korea. H epatology. 2000;31:1371-3.
A ikaw a T, K ojim a M, O nishi H, Tam ura R, Fakuda S, Suzuki T, T suda F, Okam oto H, M iyakaw a Y, M ayum i M. HLA D R B l and D Q B l alleles and haplotypes influencing the progression o f hepatitis C. J M ed Virol 1996;49:274-278
A kerm an P, C ote P, Y ang SQ, M cC lain C, N elson S, Bagby J, Diehl AM. A ntibodies to tum or necrosis fa cto r-a inhibit liver regeneration after partial hepatectom y. Am J Physiol 1992;263:G 579-G 585
Alric L, Fort M, Izopet J, Vinel JP, C harlet .IP, Selves J, Puel J, Pascal .IP, Duffaut M, Abbal M. G enes o f the M ajor H istocom patibility C om plex class II influence the outcom e o f hepatitis C infection. G astroenterology 1997;113:1675-1681
A lter M J, H adler SC, Judson FN, M ares A, A lexander W J, Hu PY, M iller JK, M oyer LA, Fields HA, B radley DW , et al. Risk factors for acute non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States and association with hepatitis C virus infection. JA M A 1990;264:2231-2235
A lter M J, M argolis H, K raw czynski K, Judson FN, M ares A, A lexander W J, Hu PY, M iller JK , G erber MA, Sam pliner RE, M eeks E, Beach MJ, for the Sentinel C ounties C hronic N on-A , Non-B H epatitis Study Team. T he natural history o f com m unity- acquired hepatitis C in the U nited States. The Sentinel C ounties C hronic non-A, non-B H epatitis Study Team. N Engl J M ed 1992;327:1899-1905
A lter MJ. T he epidem iology o f H epatitis C in the west. Semin Liver Dis 1995;15:5-14
A ndersson EC, H ansen BE, Jacobsen H, M adsen LS, A ndersen CB, Engberg J, Rothbard JB, M cD evitt GS, M alm strom V, H olm dahl R, Svejgaard A, F ugger L. D efinition o f MHC
and T cell receptor contacts in the H LA -D R 4-restricted im m unodom inant epitope in type II collagen and characterisation o f collagen-induced arthritis in H LA -D R 4 and hum an CD4 transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998;95:7574-7579
Asti M, M artinetti M, Zavaglia C, C uccia MC, G usberti L, T inelli C. C ividini A, Bruno S, Salvaneschi L, Ideo G, M ondelli MU, Silini EM. Human leukocyte antigen class II and III alleles and severity o f hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. H epatology
1999;29:1272-1279
B ach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F. The histological features o f chronic hepatitis C and autoim m une chronic hepatitis: a com parative analysis. H epatology 1992;15:572-577
Ballardini G, G ro ff P, Pontisso P, G iostra F, Francesconi R, Lenzi M, Zauli D, A lberti A, Bianchi FB. H epatitis C virus (H CV ) genotype, tissue HCV antigens, hepatocellular
expression o f HLA-A,B,C, and intercellular adhesion-1 m olecules. C lues to pathogenesis o f hepatocellular dam age and response to interferon treatm ent in patients w ith chronic
hepatitis C. J C lin Invest 1995;95:2067-2075
B arrett S, Ryan E, C row e J. A ssociation o f the H LA -D R B l *01 allele with spontaneous viral clearance in an Irish cohort infected with hepatitis C virus via contam inated anti-D im m unoglobulin. J Hepatol 1999;30:979-983
B attegay M, Fikes J, Di B isceglie AM , W entw orth PA, Sette A, C elis E, C hing W M, G rakoui A, R ice CM , K urokohchi K, et al Patients with chronic hepatitis C have
circulating cytotoxic T cells which recognise hepatitis C virus-encoded peptides binding to HLA-A2.1 m olecules. J Virol 1995;69:2462-2470
B ehrens SE, Tom ei L, De FR. Identification and properties o f the R N A -dependent RNA polym erase o f hepatitis C virus. EM BO 1996;15:12-22
B eld M, Penning M, van Putten M, Lukashov V, van den Hoek A, M cM orrow M, Goudsm it J. Q uantitative antibody responses to structural (core) and non-structural (NS3, NS4, and N S5) hepatitis C virus proteins am ong seroconverting injecting drug users: im pact o f epitope variation and relationship to detection o f HCV RNA in blood. H epatology 1999;29:1288-1298
B em al W, M oloney M, U nderhill J, D onaldson PT. A ssociation o f tum or necrosis factor polym orphism w ith prim ary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 1999;30:237-241
B ertoletti A, D 'Elios M M , Boni C, De Carli M, Zignego AL, D urazzo M, M issale G, Penna A, Fiaccadori F, Del Prete G, Ferrari C. D ifferent cytokine profiles o f intraphepatic T cells in chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections. G astroenterology 1997;112:193-9
B eutler B, C eram i A. The biology o f cachectin/T N F -a prim ary m ediator o f the host response. Ann R ev Im m unol 1989;7:625-655
Bird GL, Sheron AN, G oka J, A lexander GJ, W illiam s RS. Increased plasm a tum or necrosis factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis. A nn Intern Med. 1990;112:917-920
B izollon T, D u cerf C, T repo C, M utim er D. H epatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. G ut 1999;44:575-578
B oucher Y, B ourienne A, A dam s P, T urlin B, Brissot P, D eugnier Y. Liver iron
concentration and distribution in chronic hepatitis C before and after interferon treatm ent. Gut 1997;41:115-120
Bowen DG, W alker CM. A daptive im m une responses in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N ature 2005;436;946-952
Bukh J, Purcell RH, M iller RH. At least 12 genotypes o f hepatitis C predicted by sequence analysis o f the putative E l gene o f isolates collected w orldw ide. Proc N atl Acad Sci USA
1993;90:8234-8238
Bunce M, O 'N eill CM , B am ardo M CN, K rausa P, B row ning M J, M orris PJ, W elsh KI. Photoytping: com prehensive D N A typing for HLA-A, B, C, D R B l, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5 & D Q B l by PCR w ith 144 prim er m ixes utilizing sequence-specific prim ers (PCR-SSP). T issue A ntigens 1995;46:355-367
C abrera M, Shaw M A, Sharpies C, W illiam s H, C astes M, C onvit J, Blackwell JM.
Polym orphism in tum or necrosis factor genes associated with m ucocutaneous leishm aniasis. J Exp M ed 1995;182:1259-1264
C em y A, M cH utchinson JG , Pasquinelli C, Brown ME, B rothers M A, G rabscheid B, Fow ler P, Houghton M, C hisari FV. C ytotoxic T lym phocyte response to hepatitis C virus- derived peptides containing HLA A2.1 binding motif. J C lin Invest 1995;95:521-530
Chang KM, Reherm ann B, M cH utchinson JG, Pasquinelli C, Southw ood S, Sette A, Chisari FV. Im m unological significance o f cytotoxic T lym phocyte epitope variants in patients chronically infected by the hepatitis C virus. J C lin Invest 1997;100:2376-2385
Chang KM, G ruener NH, Southw ood S, Sidney J, Pape GR, C hisari FV, Sette A.
Identification o f H LA -A3 and -B7 -restricted C TL response to hepatitis C virus in patients w ith acute and chronic hepatitis C. J Immunol 1999; 162:1156-1164
C hien DY, C hoo QL, Tabrizi A, Kuo C, M cFarland J, B erger K, Lee C, Shuster JR, Nguyen T, M oyer DL, et al. D iagnosis o f hepatitis C virus (H C V ) infection using an
im m unodom inant chim eric polyprotein to capture circulating antibodies: re-evaluation o f the role o f HCV in liver disease. Proc Natl A cad Sci 1992;89:10011-10015
C hoo QL, Kuo G, W einer AJ, O verby LR, Bradley DW , Houghton M. Isolation o f a cD NA clone derived from a blood-borne, non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genom e. Science
1989;244:359-362
C ook DN, Pisetsky DS, Schw artz DA. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis o f hum an disease. N ature Immunol. 2005;5:975-979
C ooper BW , Krusell A, Tilton RC, G oodw inR, Levitz RE. Seroprevalence o f antibodies to hepatitis C virus in high-risk personnel. Infect C ontrol Hosp Epidem iol 1992;13:82-85
C ooper S, Erickson AL, Adams EJ, K ansopon J, W einer AJ, Chien DY, H oughton M, Parham P, W alker CM . A nalysis o f a successful im m une response against hepatitis C virus. Im m unity 1999;10:439-449
Cox AL, M osbruger T, M ao Q, Liu Z, W ang X-H, Yang H-C, Sidney J, Sette A, Pardoll D, T hom as DL, Ray SC. C ellular im m une selection w ith hepatitis C virus persistence in hum ans. J Exp M ed 2005;201:1741-1752
Cram p M E, C arucci P, Rossol S, C hokshi S, M aertens G, W illiam s R, Naoum ov NV. H epatitis C virus (H C V ) specific im m une responses in anti-H C V positive patients with hepatitis C viraem ia. Gut 1999;44:424-429
Cram p M E, C arucci P, U nderhill J, N aoum ov N V , W illiam s R, D onaldson PT. A ssociation betw een H LA class II genotype and spontaneous clearance o f hepatitis C viraemia. J H epatol 1998;29:207-213
C raw ford EK, E nsor JE, K alvakolanu I, H asday JD. T he role o f 3' poly (A) tail m etabolism in tum or necrosis fa c to r-a regulation. J Biol C hem 1997;272:21120-21127
C rotty S, C am eron C, A ndino R. R ibavirin's antiviral m echanism o f action: lethal m utagenesis? J M ol M ed 2002;80:86-95
C uechiarini M, K am m er AR, G rabseheid B, D iepolder HM , G erlach TJ, G runer N, Santantonio T, R eiehen J, Pape GR, C em y A. V igorous peripheral blood cytotoxic T cell response during the acute phase o f hepatitis C virus infection. Cell Immunol 2000;203:111- 123
C zaja AJ, C arpenter HA, Santrach PJ, M oore SB. Host- and disease-specific factors affecting steatosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 1998;29:198-206
C zaja AJ, C arpenter HA, Santrach PJ, M oore SB. Significance o f Human Leukocyte A ntigens DR3 and DR4 in chronic viral hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:2098-2106
D ’A lfonso S, R ichiardi PM. A polym orphic variation in a putative regulation box o f the T N FA prom oter region. Im m unogeneties 1994;39:150-154
D avidson F, Sim m onds P, Ferguson JC, Jarvis LM , Dow BC, Follett EA, Seed CR, Krusius T, Lin C, M edgyesi GA, et al. Survey o f m ajor genotypes and subtypes o f hepatitis C virus using R FLP o f sequences am plified from the 5 non-coding region. J Gen Virol
1995;76:1197-1204
D ay CP, G rove J, D aly AK, Stew art M W , A very PJ, W alker M. T um or necrosis factor- alpha prom oter polym orphism and decreased insulin resistance. D iabetologia 1998;41:430- 434
Day CL, Lauer GM , R obbins GK, M cG overn B, W urcel AG, G andhi RT, C hung RT, W alker BD. Broad specificity o f virus-specific C D 4+ T-helper-cell responses in resolved hepatitis C virus infection. J. Virol. 2002;76; 12584-12595
DeCastro M, Sanchez J, H errera JF, C haves A, D uran R, G arcia-B uey L, G arcia-M onzon C, Sequi J, M oreno-O tero R. H epatitis C virus antibodies and liver disease in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. H epatology 1993;17:551-557
DeM aria N, C olantoni A, F riedlander L, Leandro G, Idilm an R, H arig J, V an Thiel DH. The im pact o f previous HBV infection on the course o f chronic hepatitis C. Am J G astroenterol 2000;95:3529-3536
Deng GY, M aclaren NK, Huang HS, Zhang LP, She JX. No prim ary association betw een the 308 polym orphism in the tum or necrosis factor alpha prom oter region and insulin- dependent diabetes m ellitus. Hum hnm unol 1996;45:137-142
Desmet VJ, G erber M, H oofnagle JH, M anns M, Scheuer P.I. C lassification o f chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. H epatology 1994; 19:1513-1520
D essen A, Law erence CM , C upo S, Z aller DM, W iley DC. X -ray crystal structure o f HLA- DR4 (D R A *0101, D R B l *0401) com plexed with a peptide from hum an collagen IL
Im munity 1997;7:473-481
Detre KM, Belle SH, Lom bardero M. Liver transplantation for chronic viral hepatitis. Viral H epatitis 1996;2:219-228
Di B isceglie AM , G oodm an ZD, Ishak KG, H oofnagle JH, M elpolder JJ, A lter HJ. Longterm clinical and histological follow -up o f chronic post-transfusion hepatitis. H epatology 1991;14:469-474
D iB isceglie A, C onjeevaram H, Fried M W , Sallie R, Park Y, Y urdaydin C, Sw ain M, K leiner DE, M ahaney K, H oofnagle JH. R ibavirin as m onotherapy for chronic hepatitis C: a random ised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:897-903
D ienstag JL. Non-A , non-B hepatitis. 1: recognition, epidem iology, and clinical features. G astroenterology 1983;85:439-462
D iepolder HM , Zachoval R, H offm an RM, W ierenga EA, Santantonio T, Jung MC, Eichenlaub D, Pape GR. Possible m echanism involving T -lym phocyte to non-structural protein 3 in viral clearance in acute hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet 1995;346:1006-1007
D iepolder HM, Zachoval R, H offm an RM, Jung MC, G erlach T, Pape GR. The role o f hepatitis C virus specific C D 4+ T lym phocytes in acute and chronic hepatitis C. J M ol M ed 1996;74:583-588
D onahue JG, N elson KE, M unoz A, V lahov D, R ennie LL, T aylor EL, Saah AJ, C ohn S, O daka NJ, Farzadegan H. A ntibody to hepatitis C virus am ong cardiac surgery patients, hom osexual m en, and intravenous drug users in B altim ore, M aryland. Am J Epidem iol 1991;134:1206-1211
Donahue JG, M unoz A, N ess PM, Brown DE Jr, Y aw n DH, M cA llister HA Jr, Reitz BA, N elson KE. T he declining risk o f post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J M ed 1992;327:369-373
Donato F, T agger A, G elatti U, Parrinello G, B offetta P, A lbertini A, Decarli A, T revisi P, R ibero ML, M artelli C, Porru S, Nardi G. A lcohol and hepatocellular carcinom a: the effect o f lifetim e intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and wom en. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:323-331
Duffy M, Salemi M, Sheehy N, V andam m e A, H egarty J, C urry M, N olan N, K elleher D, M cK iem an S, Hall W. C om parative R ates o f N ucleotide Sequence V ariation in the H ypervariable R egion o f E1/E2 and the N S5b Region o f H epatitis C Virus in Patients with a Spectrum o f Liver D isease R esulting from a Com m on Source o f hifection. V irology 2002;301:354-364
D usheiko G, Schm ilovitz-W eiss H, B row n D, M cO m ish F, Yap PL, Sherlock S, M cIntyre N, Sim m onds P. H epatitis C virus genotypes: an investigation o f type-specific differences in geographic origin and disease. H epatology 1994;19:13-18
EA SL International C onsensus C onference on H epatitis B. J Hepatol 2003; 39(S1); 1-237
Ebert EC. T um or necrosis factor-alpha enhances intra-epithelial lym phocyte proliferation and m igration. Gut 1998;42:650-655