Purificación parcial de peroxidasas básicas de M polymorpha

a mortg age moratori um ( Ll oyd Pri c hard , 1 970 , 383) . A vari ety of o ther mea sures were a l so i ntroduced to a l l evi a te fa rm debt and reduce cash expend i tu res ( Sutch, 1 968b , 42-43 ) . Thi s ma rked a change of ro l e for government i n the economy i n mov i ng away from observa t i o n to i nter­ venti on ( Sutch, 1 968c , 62 ) .

Government a ttenti on wa s d i rected no t to production di ff i c u l ti e s al one . The recommendati ons of the Royal Commi ssion of 1 934 whi ch i nvesti g a ted the fi nanci al cond i t i on of da i ry farmers l ed to the reconsti tut i on of the New Zea l a nd · Da i ry- Produce Control Board as the New Zea l and Da i ry Board u nder the Ag ri cul ture ( Emergency Powers ) Ac t ( Ward , 1 975 , 89-90 ) . Production ou tput and a l l aspects of mar keti ng for export were to come under Board ' s control wi th mi n i mum sal es pri ces _I

bei ng e s tabl i s hed ( Evans , 1 9 69 , 1 63-1 64 ) . I n add i ti on , the di s tri buti on

of butter and chees e i n the l ocal mar ket wa s to be added ( Ward , 1 9 75 , 95 ) . P l a ns to i mpl ement the scheme were d rawn up i n 1 9 35 bu t were not put i n to effec t for wi th the change of governmen t i n 1 936 came new l egi sl ati on , the P r i ma ry Produc ts Mar keti n g Act .

Thi s act wa s model l ed on the con trol boards esta bl i shed i n the mid-1 920s . The Labour Party had promi sed to i ntroduce s tate con trol to achi eve a guaran teed price for farm produce ( Condl i ffe , 1 9 5 9 , 26 ) . Under t h i s sc heme , marketi ng came under the j uri sdi cti on of a

Mi ni s te r of Marketi n g and the board ' s rema i ni ng functi ons , rel a ted to improvi ng farms ' producti ve capac i ty , were a l so subj ect to hi s approval . Control wa s moved from producers to the government ( Whi te , 1 963 , 67 ) . Th i s was an attempt to stabi l i ze farm i ncomes i n a s suri ng a pri c e ba sed o n average market pri ce s over a g i ven peri od , the p ri ce of producti o n and a fa i r re turn on i nvestmen t . Surpl uses earned were hel d i n a s pec i a l fund to meet defi c i ts so reduci ng i ncome fl uctuati ons and ensu r i ng a rea sonabl e s ta ndard of l i v i ng ( L l oyd Pri chard , 1 97 0 , 391 ) . T h i s power was extended to i nternal marketi ng of dai ry prod u c ts a year l ate r . Farmers knowl edge of the pri ces by the begi nni ng of the season wou l d faci l i tate p roduct i o n pl a nn i ng dec i s i on s for the year a head . However , the i r a i m was not so much the stabi 1 i za ti on of

i ncome a s a guara n tee agai ns t fa l l i ng pri ces whi l e enjoy i ng gai n s from ri s i n g p r i ces ( Cond l i ffe , 1 95 9 , 7 7 ) . These pol i c i es were ma i nta i ned through the per i od to 1 949 , and prov i ded the framework i n whi eh pro­ ducti o n deci s i ons were ta ken . Whi l e produ cers remai ned cap i ta l i s t i n ori enta t i on , a col l ec ti v i s t sol u t i o n to the di fficul ti es they had

encountered wa s i mposed , wi th thei r acqui escence , i n a s i tu a t i on of d i s tres s . Th i s sol u t i on d i d not meet wi th wi despread approva l . Da i ry farmers organ i zed a Da i ry I ndus try Counci l to ma ke recommendati ons on s uch ma tters a s the p r i ces be i n g set bu t they had no di rect mea n s of i nfl uenci ng the deci s i on made ( Evans , 1 9 69 , 1 88 ) .

Meat producers di d not face a s i mi l ar res tructuri ng of thei r i ndustry but d i d operate under quota restri c t i ons after J u l y 1 9 34

( Evans , 1 969 , 1 24 ) . The Meat Produ cers • Board had opera ted s uccessfu l l y unti l 1 930 when the d epression posed parti cu l ar probl ems for i t . The Bri ti sh ma rke t became oversuppl i ed , a s i tuat i on whi ch res u l ted i n a short- term quota be i n g i ntroduced a t the Imperi al Econom i c Conference i n 1 93 2 . The, pl anni n g needed to regu l a te s h i ppi ng on such a ba s i s proved d i ffi cul t , and so , l onger- term quotas were set u p u n ti l the

end of 1 938 ( Evans , 1 9 69 , 1 24 ) . Even i n thi s s i tuati on of uncerta i nty : The mos t wai made of the pos s i bl e effect of the restr i cti ons

bri ngi ng hi gher pri ces and , as pri ces d i d ri se i n the l atte r hal f of the 1 930s , the outl ook wa s not unfavoura bl e unti l j u s t before the Second Worl d War broke ou t , when the pro­ bl em of d i s pos i ng of i ncrea s i ng quanti ti es of mea t and dai ry produce threatened to become acute . ( Smal l fi el d , 1 970 , 1 07 ) .

A guaran teed pri ce s truc ture , howeve r , wa s rej ected b

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the mea t producers ( Condl i ffe , 1 9 59 , 76 ) .

I t i s noteworthy that wool p roduct i on di d not fal l i nto thi s pa ttern even though wool exports had been mos t seriously a ffected by the depre s s i o n . I ts mar ket rema i ned free p r i o r to Worl d War I I wi th producers sel l i ng a t publ i c aucti on through brokers . The guara n teed pri ce concept wa s a l so rej ec ted by these producers . Reserve pri ces cou l d be set , otherw i se the pri ce offered i n New Zea l and or i n the markets of the Uni ted Ki ngdom had to be accepted ( Evans , 1 969 , 90-1 ) . Whereas , i n thi s sys tem , pri ces general l y ros e to 1 929 wi th s ma l l fl uctua ti ons , from 1 930 to 1 933 pri ces fel l s harply ( Fi g . 5 . 1 ) . I t wa s not unti l 1 93 7 tha t predepre s s i on export-pri ce l evel s were reached aga i n but a decl i ne fo l l owed to 1 939 . S ti l l , pri ces were buoyan t and production rose i n response bu t not as rap i d l y as i n dai ry i ng ; for the • hi l l y and mountai n ou s l and • made s uch a response d i ffi cul t ( Smal l fi el d , 1 97 0 , 1 07 ) . The i nfras tructure i mprovements moved more s l owly i nto the woo l - produci ng a rea s , more ru gged area s where access was mos t di ffi cul t .

The response of farmers i n a reas s pec i al i z i ng i n certa i n types of p roducti on co ul d be expec ted to vary accordi ng to the rate of recovery enjoyed by tha t l i ne of p roducti on . As only da i ry p roducts were i ncl uded i n the guaranteed p r i ce scheme , vari a ti on i n pri ces rece i ved i nfl uenced the producti on deci s i ons of farmers . Sheep

farmers ha v i ng s u i ta b l e l and added da i ryi ng to thei r fa rm enterpri se . The fac t that da i ry p roduce pri ces had fa l l en l ess than those for wool and mea t ( Fi g . 5 . 1 ) made the grea ter i ncome from da i ryi ng attra cti ve . An addi t i onal a ttraction wa s the l ow ca pi ta l outl ay i ncurred i n the change-over ( Da i ry I ndus try Commi s s i on , 1 934 , 1 5 ) . The en try of fa rmers i nto da i ryi ng tended to create a market gl u t but the fl ow wa s revers i bl � ( Cond l i ffe , 1 9 59 , 78 ) .

Thi s trend wa s not enti re l y d i sadvantageous i n terms of di s semi nati ng gra s s l a n d produ cti on techn i ques . Where da i ryi ng had overta ke n s heep produ c ti on i n ma ny area s i n the ea rly 1 9 20s , the devel opment of a l arger l amb ma rket i n Bri ta i n i n the l a te r 1 930s and the 1 940s encou raged g rea ter producti on empl oyi ng the i mproved g ra s s ­ l a nd -farm i ng techni q ue s ma de ava i l abl e ( Mo ua t a nd Rodda , 1 9 50 , 284 ) . As fa t-l amb producers had underta ken some da i ry i ng to earn some i ncome they had been exposed to the gra s s l a nd-management i deas devel oped

for that en terpri se a nd the co -opera ti ve fa ctory sys tem whi ch formed the orga n i zati onal u n i t where i n these i deas were s pread ( Condl i ffe , 1 963 , 242 ) . Thi s process wa s fu rthered by the advocacy of l amb

produc ti o n on dai ry fa rms to di v e rs i fy i ncome sources ( Da i ry I ndus try Commi s s i o n , 1 934 , 50 ) . A g rea ter pool of i nformation a nd experi ence was so formed .

R ECOVERY AND WORLD WAR 1 935 - 1 94 5

Pri ces for agri cul tu ra l p roduce had begun to r i s e from 1 934 but even by 1 940 were s ti l l bel ow the 1 9 29 l evel ( Fi g . 5 . 1 ) . Sti l l , the terms of exchange had i mproved ( Tabl e 5 . 1 2 ) --the cri s i s wa s end i ng .

Producti o n

T h e i mpendi ng war i n Eu rope p rov i ded t h e s i tuati on i n whi c h p roducti o n met an a s s u red market y e t i n 1 93 7 a n d 1 938 the fal l o f wool pri ces l ed the government to i ntroduce exchange-control

terms of trade from mov i ng too sharp l y aga i n s t the country ( Ro s s , 1 9 54 , 255 ) . Agreements wi th the U n i ted Ki ngdom to sel l a l l exporta b l e

surpl u s es for the durati on of the wa r a nd one season after were we l c ome , parti c u l arly to woo l growers . The growers had :

An a s s ured market guaranteed i ncome s torage probl ems . 1 954 , 257 ) .

at l i beral pri ces [whi ch gave growers ] a i nd ependent of marketi ng , s hi ppi ng and

Woo l produc ti o n mounted . . . . ( Ros s ,

Woo l auctions were s u s pended a s the Ma rket i ng Department took over the a dm i ni s tra ti o n of such s pec i fi ed commodi ti es ( Cond l i ffe , 1 9 59 , 85 ) .

The i nterg overnmental co-opera tion conti nued a fter the war wi th the esta

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l i s hment of a Joi nt Wool Mar keti ng Organi za ti on , comp ri s i ng the U n i ted Ki ngdom , Aus tral i a , New Zeal and , and South Afri ca , to di spos e of the wool surpl uses ( Evans , 1 969 , 94 ) . The ope rati ons were so s ucces sfu l tha t the s ame pri ce depres s i on whi c h fo l l owed Worl d Wa r I ( F i g . 5 . 1 ) di d not occu r . Both the vol ume of

produ ce and i ncome rose to 1 949 ( Tabl es 5 . 1 1 and 5 . 1 3 ) .

The same s i tua ti on occu rred wi th frozen meat a fter 1 944 . Pro­ ducti on had i ncrea sed duri ng the wa r but s h i ppi ng probl ems res tr i c ted the amount s l aug htered and exported ( Condl i ffe , 1 9 59 , 86) . I t wa s thoug h t that product i on curta i l ment wo u l d be neces sa ry to preven t t he accumu l a ti on of meat , the dumpi ng of wh i c h had crea ted the depre s s i on of mea t pri ces fol l owi ng Worl d Wa r I . Canni ng and dehydra ti ng mea t served to offset t h e probl em a s d i d prov i s i oni ng Ameri can forces from 1 942 on ( Ros s , 1 954 , 261 ) .

I n 1 944 s h i p p i ng ava i l a bi l i ty i mproved and Bri tai n undertook to ta ke a l l surpl u s mea t produced . I ncen ti ve was g i ven to boos ti n g producti o n . A l on g - term contra c t was nego t i a ted under whi ch the exportab l e s urpl u s was to be sol d to Bri tai n from 1 945 to 1 948 a t i ncreased prices . Thi s was extended by a Bu l k Purchase Contract for a further s even yea r s to 1 955 ( Evan s , 1 969 , 1 30-1 31 ) .

For da i ry produce a s im i l a r procedure was fol l owed under the Bu l k Purchas e Contract to end i n 1 955 too . The negoti ati ons were carr i ed out by the Da i ry Produc ts Ma rketi ng Commi s s i o n , an agency set up i n 1 947 to achi eve the co-opera ti on between the governmen t and the da i ry i ndus try mi s s i n g i n the earl i er marketi ng procedure ( Evan s , 1 969 , 1 90-1 9 1 ) . The Mar keti ng Comm i s s i on wa s empowered·to p urcha se a l l bu tter and cheese and reg u l a te i ts sa l e i nternal ly a s wel l . I n 1 948

i t wa s g i ven the abi l i ty to control the export of dai ry produce other than bu tter a nd cheese , as mi l k powd er and casei n were becomi ng

i ncrea s i ngly i mportant ( Evans , 1 969 , 1 9 1 ) . Where rece i p ts fo r exports rema i ned s teady for the f i r s t three seasons duri ng the wa r , th ey ros e s ubstanti al l y , reach i ng new h i g h l evel s by 1 949 ( Condl i ffe , 1 9 59 , 86 ) .

Ferti l i zer and L i me Producti on

The use of soi l amendments , wh i c h in 1 939 • had become the norm for i n tens i ve - g ras sl and farms • ( Ros s , 1 954 , 246 ) , was ser i o u s l y

di s rupted by 1 94 1 a s re l a ted by El l i s ( 1 948 , 60-61 ) . I n December 1 94 0 , German ra i ders s a n k fi ve phosphate tran sports a n d l ater shel l ed Nauru to hol d up su ppl i es to Au s tra l i a a nd New Zeal and . Del ays res u l ted a s l oadi ng i ns ta l l a ti ons were repa i red a nd sh i ps were organi zed i n

convoys for protecti on . S h i ppi ng proved to be a prob l em a s i nd i ca ted by the probl ems of mea t export, bu t enough wa s orga ni zed to enabl e phos phates to be i mported from Maka tea , the Red Sea area , a n d Fl ori da to augmen t suppl i es . Thu s , i n 1 941 , the area topdressed wa s a t i ts

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