Tratamiento que activa la ruta de estrés por ROS

( Tabl e 5 . 1 ) .

Whi l e the l abour scarc i ty dur i n g the war and the l ack of top ­ dres s i ng s l owed t h i s devel opment a t the core of the ' g ras s l a nds revol u t i on • , i t was not l ong a fter the cessati on of hos ti l i ti es tha t the new pa ttern wa s conti nued . The grea ter ava i l abi l i ty of tracto rs was the key e l emen t i n troduced i n the 1 940s ( Ki ng , 1 95 0 , 70 ) .

Though mowers , a n d bal ers were a va i l a bl e for use wi th horse s , they sti l l requ i red muc h l abour a n d t i me ( Evans , 1 969 , 62 ) . I n the 1 930s tractors began to repl ace hors es i n the a rabl e farmi ng d i s tri c ts b u t only s pread t o t h e North I s l and da i ry farms i n the 1 940s ( Sma l l fi e l d , 1 970 , 1 20 ) . When equ i pment s peci al ly des i gned for u se wi th tractors al so became aya i l ab l e , the i r use grew more rapi dly ( Ki ng , 1 950 , 70 ) . The prov i s i on under Lend-Lea s e of 7 , 000 tractors from the U n i ted S ta tes between 1 943 a nd 1 945 ( Ros s , 1 9 54 , 290 ) spurred devel opment i n ma k i ng the eq u i pment a va i l ab l e when supply from o ther sources wa s l i mi ted . Al thoug h the u pward trend i n tractor numbers was becom i ng more p ro ­ nounced , i t wa s not unti l the 1 9 50s tha t the grea tes t expan s i o n occurred ( F i gure 5 . 2 ) .

The empha s i s on such powered machi nery and impl ements a s tractors and mi l k i ng ma chi n e s wa s a con sequence of pol i cy :

The New Zea l and author i ti es had deci ded i n v i ew o f s hortage s o f manpower that farmers woul d have to mechan� ze to a

grea ter degree . · ( Ro s s , 1 954 , 29 1 )

The horse wa s bei n g phased ou t ( Tabl e 5 . 2 ) , and more power wa s

i n troduced i nto farmi ng . Trac k cutti ng i n hi l l coun try deve l oped to faci l i ta te the s preadi ng of fer ti l i zer and l i me . Agr i cul tu ral

contra c tors owni n g s pec i a l i zed heavy mac h i nery ' repl aced and added to the n umber of con tractors who u s ed horses • notably i n the

di s tri buti on of s o i l amendments and so reduced farm l abour req u i remen ts and some u ncerta i n ty ( Saxby , 1 947 , 61 ) . A serv i ce i nd u s try whi ch had begu n to devel op pri or to the war was now abl e to expa nd .

SUMMARY

Coc kayne ' s i nd i ca t i on i n 1 9 1 0 of the domi nant rol e gra s s l and wou l d pl ay i n New Zeal and ' s agri c u l tural producti on had been rea l i zed by 1 949 . The i n ten s i ve expl o i ta ti on of grassl and ha d been made poss i bl e by a conj unction of practi cal exper i ence and sci en ti f i c researc h . The appl i ca t i on of t h i s research became ' the s i ne non • of fu rther

... "0 c: ., _., :I 0 .1: .!::. ., ... 0 .. � .. .... 0 0 z 100 30 20 1 0 0 1919 F IG. 5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . 1929 1939 1949 Year ADOPTION O F TRACTORS 1959 1989 1919 - 1 969

Sources' 1 91 9 - 20 St•tistics of New Ze•l•"*· (for year indicated}. 1 921 - 19 Atricultur•l St•tistics. (for yur indicated).

progress

(

Condl i ffe , 1 963 , 238

)

. Chemi ca l i nvesti gati on had po i n ted out mi nera l defi ci enc i e s i n the so i l and had i denti fi ed the rol e of cl overs i n furn i s h i n g n i trogen for gra s s growth . Earl y tri al s of the soi l- amendi ng techni ques devel oped both i n Bri ta i n and l ocal l y , had s hown how to overcome p hos phate defi c i ency and exces s soi l aci di ty . I t wa s i n th i s peri od that the appl i ca t i on o f these techni qu e s by da i ry farmers a nd fat- l amb producers bega n the cycle of producti vi ty i mprovemen t evi dent i n the rapi d i ncrea se i n l i vestock numbers whi l e the area of i mproved l and stabi l i zed . By the mi d-l 930s the i n creased use of chemi cal fert i l i zer wa s regarded as ' one of the mos t outstandi ng changes s i n ce the wa r '

(

Bel s haw , l 936a , 27

)

and the i ncrea s e i n

producti v i ty �a s thoug h t .to be due to that very c hange parti c u l arly i n da i ryi ng

(

Bel s haw , l 936a , 28

)

.

The dema nds of h i g her producti o n techni ques l ed to a rea ssessmen t o f the p l ants a n d ani m a l s empl oyed . By u s i ng a variety o f pas tu re p l ants i n tri a l s resea rc hers had i denti fi ed t he speci es and s trai n s

o f gras ses a n d cl overs wh i c h wou l d g i ve cons i s tentl y hi gh production . Thos e s tra i ns were then propaga ted and di s semi nated throug h ex i s ti ng s eed- trade c hannel s to farmers .

The connecti on between the bi o l og i cal a nd chemi ca l s c i ences wa s f i rmly es ta bl i s hed i n agri cul tural research a s the sol u t i on of the cobal t- defi ci ency probl em demons trated . The needs of the proposed , h i ghly p roducti ve pa s tu re ecosys tem had to be met by knowl edge about how to amend soi l s n a tu ra l l y defi c i e n t i n es sential el ements . So i l ­ amendi ng technol ogy wa s devel oped a l ong wi th the i nvesti gati on of the soi l s themsel ves .

An i nsti tuti onal framework had devel oped to prov i de the wide vari ety of agri cul tural research dema nded . Pri or to Worl d War I , the Departmen t of Agr i cu l tu re , and the Canterbury Agri cul tura l Col l ege were the o n l y bod i es u nderta k i ng research other than farm orga n i zations and the i ndi v i dua l farmer. By 1 949 there were al so a s econd

agr i cu l tu ral col l eg e , Massey , the p r i v a tely..:funded Cawthron I n s ti tu te , the Da i ry Research I ns ti tu te and the Depa rtment of Sc i en ti fi c and I ndustri a l Researc h , al l of whi ch gave a broader range of knowl edge

and contri buted a l arger body of personnel . New Zeal and farmi ng was

on a s c i enti fi c footi n g , attempti ng to emp l oy the mos t benefi ci a l cost-reduc i ng or p roducti on- i m prov i ng tec h n i q ues bei ng devel oped i n i ts res ea rc h centre s . Work i n o ther countr i e s was fo l l owed cl osely

a nd l i n k s wi th the Br i ti s h i n sti tuti ons from whi c h the New Zea l and framework ha d been deri ved , were importa n t i n the early phases of gra s s l and tec hnol ogy ' s devel opment . However , tes ti ng wa s done i n

New Zea l and condi ti ons to ass u re the appl i ca bi l i ty of the resu l ts . The grass l a nd focus wa s so rei nforced .

New Zeal a nd ' s economi c ba s i s i n agri c u l tura l production enabl ed th i s l i ne of i nq u i ry to be fo l l owed wi th s u pport from both the

commu n i ty and the government . The sys tems of agri cul tural producti on devi s ed to sati s fy the Bri ti s h market were further s peci al i zed and i nten s i fi ed u s i ng the adva nta ge s bei ng di scovered in g rassl and fa rmi ng . Thi s ma rket rema i ned open i n to the 1 930s , so s ta bi l i z i ng econom i c

and preferenc� s truc ture s . Though pri ce fl uctua tions had prompted adj u s tments to the ma rketi ng of some pro duce , the market demands a n d l i nkage were reta i ned . As t h e producti on i ncrea ses s u s tai ned i n t he appl i cati on of new technol ogy were absorbed i n the mar ket and a s resea rch resu l ts often had i mmedi a te appl i cati on , the d i s coveri e s attracted the i n terest o f both the farmers a n d the p rod ucers o f the ma teri al s to be u sed . The p roduct i on of soi l amendments , pri n c i pa l l y l i me a n d superphospha te , i nc rea sed rap i dl y and the i mporta t i o n of ma teri a l s fol l owed s u i t . Agri cul ture wa s becomi ng i ncreas i ng l y l i n ked wi th the secondary sector as the use of manufactured i npu ts i ncreased .

T he fou nd i ng and fund i ng of research i nsti tu t i ons was bu t one a s pect of govern men t ' s s u pport to the agricul tu ral sector . As the sector of the economy devel opi ng mos t ra p i d l y , agr i c u l tu re was a focu s of government i nvol vement . Farmi ng was encouraged by l and s ettl ement schemes . The use of new tec hnol ogy wa s fos tered by subs i dy programs and the i mpl ementa t i on of l and devel opment sc hemes . Where pri v ate res ources were found i nadeq u a te to cope wi th a cri s i s , such as l and deteri orati on , economi c depre s s i on or wartime condi ti ons government i nterv ened , thereby ga i ni ng a n i ncrea s i ngly i mportan t rol e i n di recti ng resources i n the economy .

The rel a t i v e s tabi l i ty prov i ded by the col l ecti v i s t mea s u re s to counter economi c and pol i ti ca l cri ses a dvanced the adopti on o f gra s s ­ l an d technol ogy . Subs i di za ti on of man ufacture and transport reduced the cost of soi l amendments . . Pol i cy evol ved to assure adequ a te i np u ts for g rassl a nd technol ogy . P roducer returns from the sal e of goods were stabi l i zed for d a i ryi n g i ni ti al ly , a nd l a ter , for mea t . Governmen t undertook to s ta bi l i ze ma rkets for producers by s i gni ng bu l k- pu rc ha s e

agreemen ts whi ch l i nked produ cti on to the Bri t i s h market . The bas i s for conti nued producti o n expa n s i on was l a i d through these measures . Reverses t h rough econom i c depres s i on and war d i d not serve to stem the advances bei ng made . I n sti tuti ons to absorb the impac t were a

cri ti cal l y i mportan t devel opmen t . I t appears that the i na bi l i ty to empl oy the techni ques merel y served to hei ghten i ntere s t . An upsurge i n use fol l owed i n each i ns tanc e , once the supply of ma teri a l s

returned to p re-cri s i s l evel s .

Lags i n the appl i cati on of g ra s s l and tec hnol ogy devel o ped where enabl i ng i nventi on had not occurred to offset pa rti cul ar probl ems . Wherea s sown pa stures were l arge l y bei ng trea ted , the exten s i on of the techni ques i n to the more d i ff i cu l t rel i ef of the hi l l co un try had not _I been wi des prea d . Mec ha n i zati on wa s fo und to overcome t h e adverse effect of l a bour s hortage i n the da i ry i ng and fat-l amb enterpri ses but

it had not yet been appl i ed to so i l amend i ng i n the sheep farmi ng regi ons . Tens i on i n the techn i ca l s tructure conti nued but the pa ttern of tha t s tructure wa s cl ear . Gra s s l and fa rmi ng based on permanen t pas tu re had emerged a s the pri nci pa l agri cul tural system , one wi th a capaci ty for i n tens i f i ca t i on whi c h susta i ned econom i c growth i n the nati onal e co nomy . I n that i t served to support the fa rm en terpri ses o n whi ch the smal l- farm i ns ti tuti ona l structure promoted earl i er by

governmen t wa s based , soi l amendi ng prov i ded a key to s u s ta i n exi s ti ng preferenc e and i ns ti tu t i onal s tructures . The success of the eco nomy erected i n these ci rcums tances offset the ca l l for economi c di vers i f i ­ ca tion mad e when condi ti ons deteri ora ted i n the 1 930s . Wa rtime a n d postwar demand fu rther del ayed t h e proce s s of change .

FOOTNOTES

1 . The accoun t of the growth of ferti l i zer produ cti on i s based on McCa s k i l l ( 1 9 29 , 73-81 ) .

2 . A s uperphosphate conta i n i ng the equ i val ent of 44 to 46 percent of tri cal c i c phosphate i n a wa ter sol ubl e form .

3 . ' The sci ence of grassl a nd con s tructi on , managemen t, and uti l i sati on '

(

Levy , 1 9 7 0 , 359 ) .

CHAPTER 6

TH E REFINEMENT AND EXTENS I ON OF THE GRASSLAND FARMI NG SYSTEMS

The peri od from 1 949 was one marked by the refi neme nt of l ow

�

and pl a i n soi l -amend i ng tech nol ogy and i ts extens i on i n to more ru gged s heep farmi ng country . The sheep-fa rmi ng enterpr i se had not previ ou s l y

benefi ted grea tl y from the di s coveri e s made . Now, wi th the use of a i rcraft , mecha n i za t i on wa s appl i ed to amend the so i l s of the s teeply

In document TítuloEstudio y purificación de peroxidasas implicadas en la lignificación de plantas basales (página 134-141)