RALES DE LA GASTRONOMÍA

Deterrence is derived from the literary word "deter" meaning making an individual action less attractive or preventing an individual or enemy from taking particular line of action. Deterrence would be defined as an attempt to dissuade rental action from resorting to an open arm conflict.

The reality that nuclear weapons exist and could be used makes it important that we discuss their deterrence, disarmament and arms control in the pursuit of global and international peace and security. In trying to avert nuclear conflict, the concept of deterrence has been and remains at the center of the strategy of all the nuclear powers. Deterrence is persuading an enemy that attacking you will not be worth any potential gain. Deterrence is based on two factors: capability and credibility.

Capability: Effective deterrence requires that you be able to respond to an attack or impending attack on your forces. This capability is what India claimed it was seeking when it openly tested nuclear weapons in 1998. "Our problem is China,"

said an Indian official. "We are not seeking (nuclear) parity with China ... what we are seeking is a minimum deterrent. Just having weapons, however, is not enough. Since there is no way to defend against a missile attack once it is launched, deterrence requires that you have enough weapons that are relatively invulnerable to enemy destruction so that you can be assured that some will survive for a counterattack. Of all the strategic delivery systems, SLBMs are the least vulnerable: ICBMs in silos are the most vulnerable.

Credibility: It is also necessary for other states to believe that you will actually use your weapons. Perception is a key factor. The operational reality will be determined by what the other side believes rather than by what you intend. We well see, for example, that some analysis believe that some analysts believe that relying on a second-strike capability may not always be credible.

Arms Control

Apparently, arms control and disarmament are identical but are actually, two different concepts. Hence, disarmament is a clarions call to nations to avoid the complete production or acquisition of arms. Arms control, on the other hand is a request that nations should limit, minimize and constrain the degree of arms acquired or produced. Arm control is meant to direct the resource of international system more to the maintenance of the citizen's welfare than a constant production of arms, which could have negative consequence on the amount of the national income accruing to the people. This idea implies that if war cannot be completely avoided in the human society, then there should be a maximum standard of arms a nation can possess.

The idea is that in the event of war, the enormity of damage will be minimized.

There are ideally three conditions under which arms reduction has worked in human history. Where none of these conditions are available arms control will never be consented to, to the letter by nations.

1. That the nations consenting to the agreement are not engaged in competition for power with other nations.

2. Arms control is possible where both nations possess a clear-cut advantage in terms of military strength over the other.

3. Arms control can be successful where some nations are convinced that it is more in their interest to regulate the extent of their arms race rather than engage in an immitigable scramble to increase their military strength.

Self - Assessment Exercise

Q1. What factors are responsible for the changing nature of war.

Q2. What is Arms Transfers?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Possible Answers

Q 1: Answer found in 3.0 Q2: Answer found in 3.1.1.

4.0 CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that most of the measures to bring about peace and security at the global and the international levels are based on the Realist tradition i.e the will of the nation-state to co-operate. This will is governed by the self-interest of the nations. Results have been dismal. For example, that nation states resort to war in the pursuit of security has not ended wars. The UN authorized peacekeeping mechanism has not been very attractive to many nation-states, who feet-drag to commit troops for the purpose or even pay up their assessments. Inspite of the deterrence strategy and arms control, the global peace is still threatened by the

availability of nuclear weapons in the first place. This, thus, suggests a rethinking about the way we strategize global and international peace and security objective.

5.0 SUMMARY

War is organized killing of other human beings. The study of force involves several major questions: when and why does war occur? How effective is it? What conditions govern success or failure? And what options exist in structuring the use of force?

6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT

Q1 From what you have learnt, discuss any three levels of violence.

Q2 In unconditional warfare, what do you understand by special operations?

Q3 How might a nuclear war start?

Q4 What is Deterrence Strategy and Arms Control?

Each answer carries 2 ½ marks. The total score is 10 marks.

7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING

Bull, Hedley, and Adam Watson, The Expansion of International Society London: Oxford University Press, 1982).

Huntinglon, Samuel, "The Lonely Superpower" Foreign Affairs 782 (March -April, 1999) 35-49.

Kelley, Williams W. The Political Economy of the Global Arms Trade (New York: Basic Books, 1995).

Klare, Michael T. and Lora Lampe, "Fanning the Flame of War: Conventional Arms Transfers in the 1990s "in World Security: Challenge for a New Century 3^rd ed. Eds., Michael Klare and Yogesh Chandrani (New York: St. Martins, 1998) Lawrence Philip K., Modernity and War: The Creed of Absolute Violence (New York: St. Martins, 1998).

Rourke, John T. and Mark A. Boyer International Politics on the World Stage (New York: McGraw Hill, 2004).

MODULE 5