Recomendaciones para trabajos futuros

Anatoly Kutsenko1, Olga Shabaldas2

Abstract

The article presents the results of ground-based and aircraft spraying use at a struggle with pests, diseases and weeds in crops of winter wheat. It is established, that the use of the method aviation - aircraft SP-34 with certified equipment AMO-3 as a whole allows to achieve high efficiency of pesticides use along with reducing costs for their use. The aim of research was to study how ultralow-volume type of pesticides spraying influences the efficiency of protective measures against pests, diseases and weeds in crops of winter wheat through air method - plane - SP-34 with the use of certified equipment AMO-3.

Key words: pesticides, aviation, ultralow-volume spraying, diseases, pests, weeds, thickness of the covering, efficiency.

Introduction

Phytosanitary situation on the fields of the region in the last decade has undergone considerable changes and is being in constant evolution. It happens as a result of both fluctuations in the weather and human activities. In modern conditions any agricultural enterprise can not count on stable progress, if you do not provide reliable and effective protection of cultivated cultures. Providing reliable protection for plants should be based on a reasonable strategy, and ability to influence the agrocoenosis through ways that are safe for people, nature while reducing energy and money.

1

Anatoly Kutsenko, Candidate of Agricultural sciences, first vice-minister of Agriculture of Stavropol kray, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Zootekhnichesky pereulok, 12, (8 8652) 35-72-76,[email protected]

2

Olga Shabaldas, Candidate of Agricultural sciences, Docent, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Zootekhnichesky pereulok, 12, 8 (909) 760-70-74, shabaldas-

The use of chemical means of protection for plants to fight against harmful objects in the cultivation of many crops remains cost-effective reception in agricultural production. Often the loss of crops because of pests, diseases and weeds nullify investments and efforts made to increase profits. For example, in the use of mineral fertilizers weeds can be a significant part of the nutrients that are intended for cultural plants, apart from massive infestation of pests or epiphytatuve development of the disease.

Along with other technologies and techniques used in agricultural production, chemical protection of plants is constantly being improved. The assortment of pesticides is being updated and expanded, formulations are being improved, as well as technology of the drugs use progresses and expenditure rate on modern highly effective preparations decrease, especially those of systemic action.

At present in the country and in the world the use of aviation for the protection of plants is one of the essential elements of agriculture. This is due to the high productivity of aviation-chemical works (SG&A), their independence from the soil conditions and phases of plant development at the time of processing, decrease in expenses and labour costs and a number of other factors.

Out of new types of certified aircraft for SG&A one can identify SP-34, with the use of certified equipment AMO-3 (certificate of conformity №2021080588 from 27.06.2008 ) «Aviatiku-May-890SH» of super-light weight category (the payload of up to 100 kg) and «average» An-ZT (up to 1700 kg). Although the technology of protective aerial treatment processing is similar in many ways to the ground, the safety and efficiency of aviation drugs use of significantly depends on strict compliance with the chemical control regulations and these regulations are to a large extent are determined by the type of Armed Forces and type of special equipment. It is very important for emergency treatment against pests and diseases, as well as in the use of herbicides on large areas in a certain phase of crop development and weeds increase the productivity of outfits. For this purpose the rate of fluid flow reduces without a loss of their use efficiency. To provide proper coverage of the workpiece surface, spraying devices of atomizers are being improved, which are able to divide spray material to many small drops of certain diameter, namely, to improve the quality of spray.

Small-drop ultralow-volume spraying may be referred to such technologies , the use of which increases the productivity of processing twofold and significantly reduces their cost due to the reduction of gas stations and delivery of a less quantity of water. With that the following questions arise: whether the effectiveness of the pesticides used in small portions of the working fluid consumption is reduced; whether the danger of sweep and evaporation of a product increases because of the high dispersability of diffusion.

According to GOST 21507-81 (plant Protection: terms and definitions) spraying by pesticides is subdivided into:

1) Big-drop - spraying, in which not less than 80% of the liquid shall be sprayed in the form of drops, with the size of not less than 150 microns. 2) Small-drop - spraying, in which not less than 80% of the liquid shall be sprayed in the form of drops with the size of 50-150 microns

3) Ultralow-volume – small-drop spraying of work surface with the expenditure rate up to 5 l/ha.

4) Highly dispersive (aerosol) - spraying by dissemination of drops with the size of up to 50 microns.

Aviation way of the pesticides use provides in the first place the efficiency of treatments in the vast areas, as well as the processing of tall- stalked crops and those ones of the solid sowing without technological groove. It enables the processing of the field at any condition of the soil and ground features. That will allow for a short period of time to process a large area of land and does not give an opportunity to do harm to pests and disease, but with the use of herbicides it will allow to manage processing in a certain phase of crop and weeds development. For example, processing of grain crops during a phase of milky, milky-wax ripeness against the bug, grain beetles, aphids, thrips are possible only through aviation way, without speaking of sunflower desiccation.

Processing by machinery of vast areas of sunflower seeds from such a dangerous pest as a beet worm, peas from pea grains, is difficult as the plants in this period already have a great height, and in these cases, greater efficiency is necessary.

Compared to the above-ground way of chemical treatments the use of aviation has a number of advantages: high performance (in 6-15 times

higher than above ground vehicles), which allows to perform the work in a short time; economy of labour and material resources (within season one plane releases work of 14-20 workers and 7-10 tractor units), the lack of adverse effects on soil and mechanical damage of plants (with the processing of ground-based machines 6-8% of the sown area is derived from the turnover for the account of the technological track); the ability to perform work in any condition of soil, saving of energy (18-20% less per unit area, in comparison with ground-based equipment).

To compete on today's market agricultural enterprises for reducing the expenses on fuel and oil transfer to the system of minimum soil treatment, which, as experience indicates, leads to the growth of weed of crops, intensive development of diseases and pests reproduction. Such systems require increasing volumes of protective measures.

Lack of financial resources does not allow agricultural producers to adopt traditional technical means and protection technologies of plants in full force due to which new energy - and resource-saving, quite simple and productive technology is required, that is based on the use of inexpensive and comfortable in exploitation of technical facilities. To these requirements adequately corresponds a technology based on the use of ultra-light airplanes with the equipment of small-drop ultralow-volume spraying which allows to process crops with the norms of spray material of 3-10 litres per hectare. That is in 20-40 times less than by machinery. Ultralight aircraft are practically not inferior in their productivity to large agricultural aircraft and far surpass ground-based complexes. Despite the small amount of chemical tank (100-150 l), at the expense of the equipment ultralow-volume spraying, within one flight they process approximately the same number of hectares as aircraft AN-2 do. Otherwise, performing SG&A ultralight aircraft have an advantage.

Firstly, the process is becoming cheaper through saving fuel and less extravagant maintenance. Secondly, they have more acceptable flight and technical characteristics for the aviation-chemical works: good flexibility; small speed in driving; shortened distance for a take-off or landing, that allows to refuel an aircraft in the immediate proximity to a cultivated field.

Thirdly, the organization of works of ultralight aircraft for the customer is much more convenient – there is no need to bring up a lot of water, it is easier to refuel by a personnel, there is no need to choose a special area for the organization of agricultural airfield. So the use of ultra-light airplanes encourages cost cutting on protective measures, increasing their payback. Abroad ultralight planes are widely used in ultralow-volume spraying of the major agricultural crops.

In recent years a lot of illegal entrepreneurs appeared which offer services for implementation of the SG&A ultralight aircraft (SLA), which apply non-certified spraying equipment, without satisfying technological requirements. They fly without air navigation support. They do not carry out proper training of flight and technical personnel. All this leads to the inefficient use of expensive drugs. That is why some agricultural producers doubt in the effectiveness of the pesticides use with the help of super-light aviation. To make the effectiveness of the SG&A at a high level of processing should be carried out by professionally trained pilots and technicians, who use tested aviation equipment and technologically new spraying equipment.

It is very important to increase the productivity of outfits on emergency treatment with pests and diseases, as well as on herbicides use in large areas in a certain phase of crop and weeds development. For this purpose expenditure rate of working material without a loss of their use efficiency reduces. To ensure proper coverage of the workpiece surface, spraying devices of atomizers are being improved which are able to divide working material to many small drops of certain diameter, that is to say they improve the quality of a spray.

Ultralow-capacity spraying

To such technologies small-drop ultralow-volume spraying is referred, the use of which increases the productivity of processes twofold and significantly reduces the cost of them due to the reduction of gas stations and delivery of a smaller quantity of water.

Drops of a smaller diameter are formed at small-drop ultralow-volume spraying. Tiny drops are more effective, because they better penetrate the cuticle and large drops, for example, with a diameter of 400 microns, contain more active substance in 3-4 times than it is necessary. When a

number of active points on the treated surface increases in 1000 times. Therefore, at a considerable reduction in consumption of the staff, the effectiveness of the treatments is not only non-decreasing, but increasing. For example, insecticides in small drops are significantly toxic than in large and at high temperatures and solar activity synthetic pyrethroids and systemic herbicides are toxic regardless of the number of working.

At ultralow-volume spraying due to the higher concentration of the drug in the composition, the demolition of small drops is not more than at conventional spraying. There is a common misthought that if at a strong wind one transfers to a larger expenditure rate of liquid the demolition and losses decrease. In fact, at high norms of distribution drops of small fraction are formed (less than 50 microns), which are subjected to demolition and evaporation.

A small-drop method of spraying is generally accepted method of pesticides use, that is confirmed by numerous literary data. Low-capacity and ultralow-volume spraying is based on the principles of higher and more equal split of the liquid. Fine and homogeneous drops allow you to get the best coverage of the treated surface. If drops differ from each other in diameter twofold, their amounts differ already in 8 times and at the difference in diameter in 4 times they differ already in 64 times, as the ratio of the drops size is proportional to their diameters in the third degree.

To increase productivity, speed up the realization and reduce the cost of pesticides processing, without decreasing the effectiveness of the drugs use it is important to improve spraying of agricultural crops. The quality of agricultural crops processing by chemical means of plant protection depends on the equality of the functional substance distribution of pesticide on a protected object. A lifespan of a drop of the staff, i.e. from the outlet from the diffuser sprayer to the protected plants should be as small as it is possible, as this depends on the quantity of the active substance that falls on protected plants and, ultimately, the biological effectiveness of the applied pesticides. In the opposite case, i.e., the longer a drop of the staff «lives» from the outlet from the diffuser to the harmful organism, the greater water evaporation from this drop is, especially in the dry hot weather, so it becomes smaller. The speed of its suppression decreases and such small droplets are demolished by air.

The functional substance does not fall on protected plant. An underrated dosage of the drug on the protected plant leads to a sharp decrease of the technical effectiveness of chemical means. Such a use leads to an accelerated formation of stable populations of harmful organisms.

Characteristic of equipment for ultralow-capacity spraying

We have carried out calculations confirming the mechanism of herbicide action for different methods and types of spraying. In studies we used equipment for ultralow-volume spraying AMO-3, Sch.№102 (air sprayer, technical means for spraying of liquid substances, certificate of conformity №2021080588 from 27.06.2008), installed on a plane SP-34 and field sprayer АМАZON working with a working pole Super - L.

Table 1. Technical characteristics of equipment for low-volume spraying AMO-3

Tank capacity for chemicals, l 150.0

Pumping unit (pump) Centrifugal pump with

electromotor NC-300

Power of pump electromotor,

w 50.0 Operating pressure in spraying boom, кgf/сm2 0.9 Productivity, hа/h 100 – 120 Atomizers: Types of atomizers VRG Number of atomizers 4

Number of disks in atomizer 10

Calculate norm of liquid working medium expenditure,

l/hа

1.0-10.0

Mass of atomizer, кg 21.0

Table 2. Technical characteristics of equipment for low-capacity above- ground boom spraying Super L

Моdel UX 4200

Coverage, m 15-36

Filling, l 4450

Working speed, кm/h 6-12

Productivity, ha/h to 43

Discharge at work with pesticides, l/ha 99-400

Discharge at GКU application, l/ha 200-1060

Required power, hp 100-120

Spraying height, m 0.5-2.50

Weight, кg 3566

Source:Own research.

Thickness of drops coverage at expenditure of working material 50 l/ha (ground equipment) with ultralow-volume spraying - 6 l/ha (aircraft equipment) was calculated (table 3).

Table 3. Thickness of coverage of working surface

Name of technical device Eхpendit ure rate of working compositi on l/hа Size of drops, % Coverage thikness, p/сm2 0-50 mкm 50- 150 mкm more 150 mкm AMAZONЕ boom Super 50 0 23.8 76.2 61.0 SP – 34, АМО – 3 4 0.7 88.3 11.0 121.0 SP – 34, АМО – 3 6 0.6 53.5 45.9 116.4

Calculations show, that at low-capacity spraying the basic amount of material suited drops with the size of more than 150 micron - 76,2%, at ultralow-volume spraying the main part of droplets respectively were of 50-150 m – 53:5 - 88.3 per cent. As a result of studies it is established, that the most high density of coverage at ultralow-volume spraying - 121,0 p/cm² was observed in the variant with a norm of staff expenditure equal to 4 l/ha.

Efficiency of ground and aviation herbicide processing of winter wheat seeds

Our task was to study how pesticides use by above-ground and aviation technology influences weed vegetation, diseases and pests in crops of winter wheat. Natural-climatic conditions of the Stavropol territory are favorable for cultivation of a number of field crops which need protection against weeds.

The main reasons for high infestation of crops are as natural-biological properties of weed plants (high fertility and vitality, stability of control measures, the ecological plasticity, etc.), so non-observance of crop rotation, terms of soil processing, sowing, care of crops, sowing ill- conditioned seeds, release of weed vegetation seeds with organic fertilizers, irrigation water, etc

Weed vegetation of the Stavropol territory is characterized by a large diversity of species. The experimental studies of different types of spraying with the help of small aviation and above-ground equipment were carried out in the droughty zone of the Stavropol territory in JSC «Belokopanskoe».

The most common in crops of winter wheat were the following weed plants: Chorispora tenella, Descurainia sophia, Capsella bursa - pastoris, Ambrosia artemisifolia.

Sprinkling of sowing was carried out in the phase of bushing of winter wheat by herbicide Granstar Pro. The biological effectiveness of herbicides was determined in two weeks after treatment (table 4).

Table 4. Efficiency of ground and aircraft processing of winter wheat crops by herbicide Granstar Pro, 2011.

Variants of experiment Before processing After processing Biological effectiveness, % numbe r, p/m2 Weigh t of weed., g/m2 numbe r, p/m2 Weigh t of weed., g/m2 Destructi on of weed veg., % Dec reas e of. wei ght, % Low- capacity, АMAZONЕ 50 l/hа 41.0 98.4 8.0 49.0 80.5 50.2 Ultralow- capacity, SP-34 – 4,0 лl/hа 40.0 92.0 6.0 50.2 85.0 45.4 Ultralow- capacity, SP-34 – 6,0 l/hа 43.0 94.6 7.0 44.5 83.7 52.9 Ultralow- capacity, SP-34 – 8,0 l/hа 44.0 96.8 7.0 42.6 84.0 55.9

Source:Own research.

As a result of studies it is established that the biological efficiency of herbicides as for surface processing with the norm of staff expenditure of 50 l/ha, so in the aviation processing JV-34 with a norm of staff expenditure of 4.0 and 6.0 and 8.0 l/ha was relatively high and amounted to 83.7 - 85.0%. The mass of weed vegetation with that decreases to 45.4 – 55.9.

Efficiency of ground and aviation herbicide processing with fungicide

The effectiveness of the chemical method of crop protection largely depends on the timely destruction not only of weed vegetation, but also of

pests and diseases. The efficiency of land and air treatment by the fungicide Title is presented in the table 5.

Table 5.The efficiency of land and air treatment by fungicide Title, 2011.

Source:Own research.

It is established that the application of the ultralow-capacity spraying by the fungicide Title is not inferior in efficiency to an air method, but even superior to the ground-spraying.

Efficiency of ground and aviation herbicide processing with insecticide

Grain crops are damaged more than 20 types of herbivorous bugs, but the most harmful is a pentatomid bug. Various pests do harm to sowings of winter wheat in conditions of the Stavropol territory.