REGRESIÓN LINEAL SIMPLE 8.1 Coeficiente de correlación

Common Food Seriousness of Infection Pathogen Sources Infection

Botulism Clostridium botulinum Improperly canned Infection very rare (bacterium) foods (usually home- though serious and

canned) potentially fatal; can cause paralysis that prevents breathing Campylobacterosis Campylobacter Undercooked poultry Complete recovery

(bacterium) (chicken, turkey); with antibiotics; rare

unpasteurized milk though serious complication is Guillain-Barré syndrome, a form of paralysis

Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Water ingested from Serious or fatal infection in

parvum (parasite) lakes, rivers, and those with compromised streams; public pools immune function, and water spas particularly HIV/AIDS E. coli Eschericia coliform Undercooked ground Potentially serious or

0157:H7 (bacterium) beef; cross- fatal complications in contamination to other about 3 percent of foods via improper those infected preparation and

handling

Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Water ingested from Full recovery with (parasite) lakes, rivers, and treatment (antiparasitic

streams medications)

Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus Foods handled by a 85 percent of those person infected with the infected have full

virus recovery; 15 percent develop prolonged illness; vaccine can prevent infection

Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Uncooked meats, cold Moderately serious ill (bacterium) cuts, soft cheeses, ness with potential

unpasteurized milk nervous system involvement, though most people fully recover

Norwalk and Norovirus caliciviridae Foods handled by a Usually full recovery, Norwalk-like (virus) person infected with though can result in

gastroenteritis the virus serious illness in those with

compromised immune function Salmonellosis Salmonella (bacterium) Beef, poultry, eggs, Occasionally severe

unpasteurized milk, enough to require foods handled by a hospitalization; can be person who has fatal in those with

salmonellosis compromised immune function Shigellosis Shigella (bacterium) Unwashed vegetables, Full recovery with

foods handled by a antibiotic treatment; person who has rare complications shigellosis include Reiter’s syndrome

careful HANDWASHINGand other sanitation precau- tions reduce this risk.

See also REITER’S SYNDROME.

foot odor An offensive smell from the feet that results from an overgrowth of bacteria. Foot odor signals that the conditions are present that foster infections such as ATHLETE’S FOOT, though itself

does not indicate an INFECTIONis present. Men with foot odor typically have profuse sweating of their feet, especially during exercise and often whenever they are wearing shoes. After ruling out an infec- tion that requires medical treatment, the solution for foot odor is keeping the feet clean and dry. After washing the feet thoroughly with an antibac- terial soap, dry them with a hair dryer. Apply an antiperspirant that contains aluminum chlorhy- drate or aluminum chloride to the feet; either a regular underarm antiperspirant or a product designed for the feet will work equally well. Wear socks that wick moisture away from the skin and shoes made of materials that allow moisture to escape. Rotate shoes to wear the same pair no more frequently than every other day so the shoes have time to dry completely. Tea soaks—soaking the feet in a solution of brewed black tea—are effective in reducing the amount of sweating as well as the odor; the tannic acid in tea is an astrin- gent that causes the sweat pores to shrink. It takes about 10 days to notice a benefit from tea soaks.

See also HYPERHIDROSIS.

foreskin A hoodlike segment of skin that covers the glans (tip) of the PENIS. The foreskin is attached to the glans until puberty, when it separates to allow the foreskin to freely retract. The foreskin’s function is to protect and lubricate the glans. Men who are circumcised have had their foreskins removed.

See also CIRCUMCISION; PARAPHIMOSIS; PHIMOSIS. Fournier’s gangrene A very rare but life- threatening bacterial infection involving the fascia layer of tissue in the scrotum and perineum (tissue between the scrotum and the anus). Fournier’s gangrene is an opportunistic infection that devel- ops primarily in men with compromised immune

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function. Most cases—as many as 80 percent—of Fournier’s gangrene occur in men who have DIA-

BETES, long-term alcoholism, disorders of the

immune system such as HIV/AIDS, IMMUNOTHERAPY, or varicella infections (CHICKEN POX, SHINGLES). Treatment is aggressive intravenous antibiotic ther- apy and debridement (surgical removal) of all necrotic tissue.

See also FASCIITIS.

fracture A broken bone. Fractures are common injuries among men. The location and nature of the fracture determines the appropriate method for immobilizing the bone so it can heal. Splints, slings, casts, and surgery to place pins, plates, screws, and rods are among the options. Diagnosis most fre- quently is by X-ray, though some fractures require imaging technologies such as COMPUTED TOMOGRA-

PHY(CT) scan or MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING(MRI). There are three broad classifications of fracture: • Simple fracture, in which the bone is not broken

all the way through and does not break through the skin

• Compound fracture, in which the bone is broken all the way through and at least one end pro- trudes in an open wound through the skin • Stress fracture, in which the fracture may be a

“hairline” or a crack in the bone as a result of continuous, repetitious use

Sports and athletic events in which there is risk of falling or forceful bodily impact are the most common cause of fractures in men under age 35. Collarbones and fingers are the most frequent frac- ture sites; lower arms and lower legs are also vul- nerable. Falls and osteoporosis are the primary causes for fractures in men over age 65. Hip frac- tures can be especially devastating; though men are less likely than women to break a hip, they are more likely to experience permanent disability or die as the result of the fractured hip.

See also ATHLETIC INJURIES; MUSCULOSKELETAL

INJURIES.

frozen shoulder The common term for loss of movement in the shoulder, the joint between the

138 frozen shoulder

upper arm (humerus), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the clavicle (collarbone) known clini- cally as adhesive capsulitis. Frozen shoulder typi- cally starts with pain in the shoulder, the cause of which is usually a tendonitis or bursitis affecting the shoulder. The natural tendency is to limit the shoulder’s movement, which eases the pain. It also causes the tendons and ligaments to tighten. Even as the pain abates, the shoulder’s range of motion diminishes. Diagnosis first rules out other condi- tions such as a rotator cuff injury, then treatment

focuses on reducing inflammation with NONS-

TEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs) and

restoring movement through PHYSICAL THERAPY,

including daily stretching exercises. MASSAGE

THERAPYand heat treatments also help to relax the

structures of the joint. ACUPUNCTURE in combina- tion with stretching exercises can provide substan- tial improvement. Occasionally surgery is necessary to release tissue adhesions and to manipulate the joint under anesthesia.

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