Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCC) and a key component of the National Information Infrastructure (once of Science and Technology Policy, 1994). The Digital Library Initiative (1994±1998) involved three U.S. federal agencies. The Digital Libraries Initiative, Phase II (1998±2003) involves eight agencies, indicating the expansion of interest and scope over this short period of time. An international digital libraries program was recently announced by the National Science Foundation, extending the range of partnerships. The United Kingdom has the Electronic Libraries Programme (eLib) (http://ukoln.bath.ac.uk/elib/) and many DL research projects are under way in Europe, Asia and elsewhere, whether under DL-septic funding initiatives or funding from other areas. During this time period, multiple domestic and international digital libraries conferences were established and digital libraries topics were introduced at meetings in a variety of disciplines and professions. Several new print and online journals on DLs were founded. Online distribution lists with news of DL projects proliferate. Libraries are undertaking projects in digital imaging, document management and network services. Why all of this interest and activity? Did an urgent research and development problem lead to large amounts of grant funding? Did the availability of grant funding create opportunities for a new research area? Did successful research lead to practical developments? Did practical problems lead to research on solutions? Is digital library research and practice a de®nable area of interest, or has `digital library' merely become an umbrella term for a wide array of Causal relationships are notoriously to establish. At the rate that the trees of digital library research and practice currently are growing, it is grasp the shape and size of the forest. We expect the answers to these questions to become clearer in hindsight, a few years from now. Yet actions we take now and perceptions that we form, may impudence the shape of that forest profoundly.
2. Perspectives on digital libraries: In a few short years of research and development, already the term `digital library' is used to describe a variety of entities and concepts. De®nitions abound (Fox, 1993; Fox, Akscyn, Furuta & Leggett, 1995; Levy & Marshall, 1995; Lucier, 1995; Lynch & Garcia-Molina, 1995; Zhao & Ramsden, 1995; Bishop & Star, 1996; Lyman, 1996; Lesk, 1997; Waters, 1998a; Greenberg, 1998). A review of these denitions indicates that in general, researchers focus on digital libraries as content collected on behalf of user communities, while librarians focus on digital libraries as institutions or services. These communities are not mutually exclusive. Some researchers are focusing on practical problems related to institutions and services and some practitioners are participating in research teams addressing issues of content, collections and communities. In this section we examine possible explanations for these contrasting perspectives. In Section 3 we return to digital library definitions.
2.1. Research versus practice: Despite building upon a foundation of decades of research and practice in related areas, the term `digital library' is relatively new. The availability of research funding under this term has attracted scholars and practitioners from a variety of backgrounds, some of whom have minimal prior knowledge of related areas such as information retrieval, computer networks, cataloging and classification, library automation, archives or publishing. Sometimes other research topics were simply relabeled `digital libraries', adding to the confusion. The rapid growth in computing networks, databases and public awareness have contributed to a bandwagon effect in hot topics such as digital libraries, digital archives and electronic publishing. Only as an area matures do people give serious thought to rigorous definitions.
2.3. Framing the issues: Digital libraries are attracting interest in many disciplines and professions. While increased participation leads to the cross-fertilization of ideas, it also results in disputed territory and terminology. Lynch (1993) was prescient in noting that the term `digital library' is problematic because it obscures the complex relationship between electronic information collections and libraries as institutions. Greenberg (1998, p. 106) comments that ``the term `digital library' may even be an oxymoron: that is, if a library is a library, it is not digital; if a library is digital, it isnot a library''.
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3.1. Di libraries as content, collections and communities: Digital library research builds upon a long history of related work in information retrieval, databases, user interfaces, networks, information seeking, classification and organization, library automation, publishing and other areas.
3.2. Defining elements of digital libraries: Several aspects of these definitions should be noted. One is that digital libraries are viewed as databases, albeit databases of rich content, whether full text, images, or combinations of media and representations. Much digital library research, particularly that conducted in departments of computer science, focuses on `enabling technologies' such as database structure, retrieval algorithms, intelligent agents, network architecture and other necessary capabilities. These definitions assume or require that content is collected on behalf of a user community.
3.4. Digital libraries as institutions or services: The terms `digital library', `electronic library' and `virtual library' have appeared in the professional literature of library and information science for some years already, but rarely with explicit de®nitions. Lyman (1996), in an article entitled ``What is a digital library? Technology, intellectual property and the public interest'', explores concepts he views to be prerequisite to de®ning the concept of a digital library, such as electronic publishing and digital documents.
4. Summary and conclusions: Interest in digital libraries research and practice has expanded rapidly throughout the 1990s. Major funding initiatives in the U.S., U.K., European Union and elsewhere have fueled research and development. Conferences, journals and news services on digital libraries proliferate. Upon closer examination, we ®nd that the term `digital library' has multiple meanings. These de®nitions cluster around two themes. From a research perspective, digital libraries are content collected and organized on behalf of user communities. From a library practice perspective, digital libraries are institutions or organizations that provide information services in digital forms. De®nitions are formulated to serve speci®c purposes. The research community's de®nitions serve to identify and focus attention on research problems and to expand the community of interest around those problems. The library community's de®nitions focus on practical challenges involved in transforming library institutions and services. Hence neither the research community nor library community de®nitions are particularly helpful in categorizing the vast array of databases available on the Internet, on proprietary services and on CD-ROMs. Given the rapid expansion of computer networks, distributed access to information resources, electronic publishing, distance-independent learning, electronic commerce and related technologies, vastly more research on all aspects of digital libraries is needed
References
Bishop, A. P., & Star, S. L. (1996). Social Informatics of Digital Library Use and Infrastructure. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 31, 301-401.
Borgman, C. L. (1999). What are digital libraries? Competing visions. Inf. Process. Manage., 35(3), 227-243. Borgman, C. L. (2003). From Gutenberg to the global information infrastructure: access to information in the
networked world. Mit Press.
Borgman, C. L. (1997). From acting locally to thinking globally: a brief history of library automation. The Library Quarterly, 67(3), 215-249.
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DIGITAL LIBRARY & FUTURE
Kayasth Arunkumar Shantaram, G.T. Patil College, Nandurbar
Abstract
This paper discusses the new activities, methods and technology used in digitization and formation of digital libraries. It s et out some key points involved and the detailed plans required in the process, offers pieces of advice and guidance for the practicing Librarians and Information scientists. Digital Libraries are being created today for diverse communities and in different fields e. g. education, science, culture, development, health, governance and so on. With the availability of several free digital Library software packages at the recent time, the creation and sharing of information through the digital librar y collections has become an attractive and feasible proposition for library and information professional around the word. The paper ends with a call to integrate digitization into the plans and policies of any institution to maximize its effectiveness.
KEYWORD : Digital, Library, Information, Data, Online, Knowledge Management.
INTRODUCTION :Digital Libraries are being created today for diverse communities and in different fields e. g. education, science, culture, development, health, governance and so on. With the availability of several free digital Library software packages at the recent time, the creation and sharing of information through the digital library collections has become an attractive and feasible proposition for library and information professional around the world.
Library automation has helped to provide easy access to collections through the use of computerized library catalogue such as On-line Public Access Catalog (OPAC). Digital libraries differ significantly from the traditional libraries because they allow users to gain an on-line access to and work with the electronic versions of full text documents and their associated images, Many digital libraries also provide an access to other multi- media content like audio and video.
What are digital Libraries ?A digital library is a collection of digital documents or objects. This definition is the dominant perception of many people of today. Nevertheless, Smith (2001) defined a digital library as an organized and focused collection of digital objects, including text, images, video and audio, with the methods of access and retrieval and for the selection, organization, maintenance and sharing of collection.Though the focus of this definition is on the document collection, it stresses the fact that the digital libraries are much more than a random assembly of digital objects. The retain the several qualities of traditional libraries such as a defined community of users, focused collections, long-term availability, the possibility of selecting, organizing, preserving and sharing resources. The digital libraries are sometimes perceived as institutions, though this is not as dominant as the previous definition. The following definition given by the Digital Library Federation (DLF) brings out the essence of this perception. ―Digital Libraries are organization that provide the resources, including the specialized staff to select, structure, offer intellectual access to interpret, And creation of indexes for various metadata, powerful search and browse, support different file formats (html.. pdf, doc rtf, ppt etc), extensibility by allowing customization and configuration. Greenstone also allows the building of non-textual multimedia such as audio, video and pictures accompanied by textual description to allow for searching and browsing. The purpose of digital library is to provide coherent organization and convenient access to typically large amounts of digital information. The following principles provide working definitions of a digital library from both a conceptual and a practical standpoint.
A digital library is an integrated set of services for Capturing, Cataloguing, Storing, Searching, Protecting, and Retrieving, Information.Digital library Architecture emphasizes organization, Acquisition, Preservation & Utilization of Information.Digital library systems are realization of an Architecture in a specific hardware, Networking and Software situation.
There are some of the potential benefits of digital libraries :Capture or creation of contentIndexing and cataloguing (metadata)StorageSearch and queryAsset and property right protectionRetrieval distribution.
Digital libraries brings significant benefits to the users. Some of them are always available. Improved Access, wider Access, Improved Information sharing and preservation. In 1986, National Informatics center (NIC) and Indian council of medical research (ICMR) Jointly set up a center called ICMR - NIC centre for Biomedical information. This center was recognized as the 17th International MEDLARS center in 1990 and now is well Known as Indian Medlars centre (IMC) National Informatics center (NIC) has been a pioneer in communicating medical research information through the use of Information Technology. This center is now emerging as a content creator and aggregator. It has developed three major products that are available over Internet:-
CONCLUSION Digitization has opened up new audiences and services for libraries, and it needs tobe integrated into the plans and policies of any institution to maximize its effectiveness. Digitization is a complex process with many crucial dependencies between different stages over time. Utilizing a holistic life-cycle approach for digitization initiatives will help develop sustainable and successful project. It is hoped that the approach of the issues outlined, the software mentioned in this paper and the references to more detailed source and past project will contribute to the future success of initiating digitization of library resources.
SUGGESSION : The development of tomorrow‘s digital libraries information appliances is an interactive process. Our current cycle, however, is not complete until to evaluate the ideas presented in this abstract.The
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series of laboratory user interface experiments and in the planning stage for a real - world development. One experiments suggests that free form ink marks made while reading are better for query formulation than traditional relevance feedback. People who have tried X Libries agree that our approach of taking a work practice and argumenting it - rather than redefining it - makes the system immediately accessible. Information appliances must be accessible. The digital library community must decide whether digital libraries should as propos, support users throughout the process of turning information into knowledge.When any reviewer asked ― Where the digital library?‖ than purposely avoided describing protocols, services and architectures because we believe infrastructure should support the vision of working with a digital library information- appliance, not define it.All these benefits, digital library information appliances create a rich, universally accessible, digital library experience that improves the way of work. Clearly there is an exciting future for digital library information appliances in the digital library.Large scale digitization projects are underway at Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. With continued improvements in book handling and presentation technologies such as optical character recognition and development of alternative depositories and business models, digital libraries are rapidly growing in popularity. Just as libraries have ventured into audio and video collections, so have digital libraries such as the Internet Archive. Google Books project recently received a court victory on proceeding with their book-scanning project that was halted by the Authors‘ guild. This helped open the road for libraries to work with Google to better reach patrons who are accustomed to computerized information.
Reference
Cornell University Library / Research Department. (2000). Moving theory into practive :digital image for libraries and archives.
Research Libraries Group. Available at
http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial
Digital Library Federation. (2001),Registry of DigitizedBooks and serial Publication, Available at http//www.digilib.org/collections
Ding, Choo Ming. (2000), Access to Digital information : Some Breakthrough and Obstacles, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Vol. 32 No. 1
Grenstone Training Workshop Material. (2002), Available at http://www.greenstone.org
Lan, H. Witten & David. Brainbridg. (2003), How toBuild a Digital Library, London : MorganKaufman Publisher
Sitts, Maxine K. (2000), Handbook for Digital Projects : A Management Tool for Preservation and Access. Northeast Document Conservation Center, Andover, Massachusetts. USA.