Capítulo 3 Propuesta de documentación
3.2 Requisitos
Many historians of art have maintained that Archaic art was superior even to that of the Classical period. There is no doubt at any rate that in art as well as in literature, philosophy, and science Archaic Greece experienced a burst of creative energy unsurpassed in any comparable time period of the ancient world.
Building on the achievements of the Late Geometric period, the craftsmen of the seventh and sixth centuries attained new heights of excellence in all the forms of visual art. With the development of the city‐state, differences in style between the various poleis became more distinct. This is most evident in the pottery, which continues in the Archaic period to be the most ample source for measuring artistic evolution. The ʺorientalizingʺ tendencies of the eighth century reached a peak in the seventh, with a variety of new motifs borrowed from the Near East‐‐floral designs and friezes of real and fantastic animals‐replacing the earlier geometric patterns. The Corinthians were the most receptive to these influences and produced a very
distinctive type of pottery.
Under the leadership of the tyrant Cypselus (c. 657‐627), Corinth emerged as the leading commercial center of Greece and dominated the trade in finely painted pottery. Corinthian potters specialized in exquisitely decorated perfume flasks, 2 to 3 inches high, which they filled with scented olive oil and exported in huge quantities throughout the Greek world. They invented a new technique called ʺblack figure,ʺ which permitted them to render minute details. The artist first painted a black silhouette on the reddish clay, and then with a sharp point he cut in the anatomical and decorative details, sometimes filling these in with red or white paint. Corinthian black figure was enormously popular, but as often happens, success led to mass production and inferior vases, on which their famous animal motifs were
monotonously and carelessly repeated.
‐109‐
Soon Athenian potters mastered Corinthian techniques, and by 550 Athenian black‐
figure pottery, featuring a variety of new and larger vessels, had driven Corinthian vases from the export market. Around 530 the Athenians in turn invented a new style called ʺred figure,ʺ which reversed the black‐figure technique. Here, the artist first drew outlines and then painted the backgound black, keeping the outline in the reddish color of the clay itself. He then painted the details in black with a fine brush.
This allowed a more subtle and refined rendering of detail than the incised black‐
figure technique.
Seventh‐ and sixth‐century vase paintings most commonly depicted episodes from mythology and the heroic sagas. In the later sixth century images from contemporary life were added, most of which focused on the activities of young upper‐class males.
Typically portrayed were athletics, horsemanship, and drinking parties (very
rowdy), as well as school scenes, music lessons, and homosexual wooing. Women are represented less often than men. They appear either as servants and flute girls or as well‐dressed upper‐class women accompanied by their female slaves in a domestic setting. The Archaic potters were proud of their work, frequently signing their vases (ʺAristonothos made meʺ) and occasionally including a taunt to a rival potter.
Vase painting gives us some idea of a major artistic genre, large‐scale representations of mythological and patriotic subjects painted on temples and other
Figure 3.3a. Two sides of an Athenian amphora (c. 525‐520 BC) decorated in both the redfigure and the black‐figure technique.
‐110‐
Figure 3.3b. A symposion (ʺdrinking partyʺ) scene on an Athenian red‐figure calyx krater (mixing bowl for wine and water), showing a man and a youth reclining on a
couch, and a flute girl.
public buildings. Though the paintings are almost entirely lost to us, the artists who painted them were renowned beyond their poleis and their names were still
remembered centuries later.
The artistic genre for which the ancient Greeks were most famous was monumental (life‐size or larger) marble and bronze sculpture. This was an innovation of the
Archaic period. Large bronze statues were first produced in the sixth century but did not became common until the fifth, after which they far outnumbered those made of marble and other stone. The first large marble statues appear around 650. Egypt was the source both of inspiration and technique.
The Greek statues were of two types, a naked kouros (ʺyoung maleʺ) and a clothed female (korē, ʺyoung maidenʺ). Throughout the Archaic period the figures retained the original rigid Egyptian stance, arms pressed against the sides, one foot stepping forward, but as time went on they became increasingly less blocklike. By about 500, the kouroi (plural) had come to resemble real youths, with precisely defined
anatomical details and accurate bodily proportions. The korai (plural) had also become more natural looking. The body underneath the drapery was more clearly indicated and the facial features more distinctly female. In both types of statues Archaic elements were still notable, such as the blissful ʺarchaic smileʺ and the highly conventionalized treatment of the hair, yet the statues clearly anticipate the Classical ideal of the human form. The kouroi and korai were set up by wealthy families either as grave monuments or as offerings to the sanctuary of a god or goddess. Because they normally bore an inscription with the dedicatorʹs name, they were highly public advertisements of the familyʹs status in the community.
‐111‐
Figure 3.4 Statue of an Egyptian nobleman (early seventh century).
Figure 3.5 Colossal marble kouros from Attica (c. 600 BC). The statue imitates the stylized stance of Egyptian sculpture.
Another type of Archaic sculpture was reliefs depicting mythological scenes, carved on the triangular pediments and along the entablatures of late‐sixth‐century temples.
Relief sculpture was increasingly successful at showing figures in movement and action. By contrast, the stylized free‐standing kouroi and korai must have appeared rather old‐fashioned by the end of the century.
‐112‐
In architecture, the temple continued to be the main focus. The small, modest prototypes of the early eighth century, as we have seen, had achieved monumental dimensions by its end. But the big step occurred around the middle of the seventh, when limestone and marble replaced mud brick and wood. Again, the Greek
builders learned from the Egyptians the skills of quarrying, transporting, positioning, and dressing huge stone blocks. The temple plan, however, was a continuation of the Greek Geometric model, and most of the architectural features such as the low‐
pitched roof covered with terrra‐cotta tiles (replacing the
Figure 3.6. This marble kouros (c. 510‐500 BC), was set atop the grave of Aristodikos in Attica; it shows the growth of naturalism in sculpture.
Figure 3.7. Late Archaic korē from the acropolis of Athens (c. 490), dedicated by Euthydikos.
‐113‐
Figure 3.8. Relief sculpture from the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi (c. 530‐525) depicting the Battle of the Gods and the Giants. Apollo and Artemis are striding into
battle (left) against the Giants (equipped as contemporary hoplites).
old thatched roof) were purely Greek. By the early sixth century the two main types or ʺordersʺ of columns, the Doric and the Ionic, were well established. Greek temples looked much as they would for the next five hundred years‐‐but the extant structures are somewhat deceptive. Portions of the Greek temples and their sculptured reliefs, as well as standing marble statues, were actually painted in strong bright colors, presenting an impression quite unlike that given by the bare, gleaming stone we observe today.
During the sixth century other carefully built permanent structures appeared in the main cities. Most of these were built in and around the agora, ʺthe gathering place,ʺ a large open space at or near the center of the city. The Dark Age agora had been only the place where the assembly met; in the Archaic period it became the marketplace and public space of the city and therefore of the whole city‐state. Everyone gathered there to barter, exchange news and gossip, or conduct official business. By about 500 BC the agora contained one or more open collonaded passageways called stoas, which provided shade and shelter and space
‐114‐
for market stalls. Enhancing its dignity and importance were official buildings such as the council house and offices. Sanctuaries, fountain houses, and public
monuments also graced the agora. In addition to the agora, Archaic poleis contained open spaces, with specified functions: the gymnasion, where men exercised, and the palaistra, a wrestling ground.
The agora and other public spaces would not receive numerous or splendid public buildings until the fifth and fourth centuries. Nevertheless, by about 550 all the capital poleis (except Sparta) merited the title of true urban centers. An aerial view of Corinth or Athens or any other major center would have revealed
Figure 3.9 Plan of the Athenian agora as it looked at the end of the Archaic period (c. 500 BC), showing the earliest public buildings (after J. Travlos 1974).
‐115‐
dense concentration of buildings, most of them private houses, connected in blocks along narrow streets, broken up by patches of garden plots. The houses were larger than those of the Dark Age‐‐three or four rooms rather than one or two‐‐but still quite modest. Even the homes and furnishings of the elites, including the tyrants, remained unpretentious throughout the Archaic and most of the Classical period.
The modesty of private homes and the relative modesty even of secular civic
buildings underscores the basic fact that efforts toward architectural and sculptural distinction in ancient Greece were directed primarily toward sanctuaries: the gods received the lionʹs share of a city‐stateʹs surplus wealth, both at home and in the panhellenic sanctuaries.