In this section, energy-efficiencies based on IEA Energy Balances 20139 are compared to energy efficiencies calculated by available national statistics. This is done by using data on fuel input, power generation and heat output and calculating efficiencies as explained in section 2.1.
We only mention differences between statistics if they are larger than 1%, since the uncertainty range of IEA statistics is considered to be 1% to 2%, equivalent to 0.5-1 %pts.
India
For India energy statistics are available from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI, 2013) for the years 1990 - 201010. Thermal power generation in MOSPI is split into fuel consumption by fuel source. However, power production is not differentiated by fossil fuel source and thus only a total fossil power production figures is available. Furthermore, the data series is incomplete for the period of 1990 - 2010: annual data is only available for 2005 - 2010 and for some historic years.
After comparing fuel input for coal-based power in MOSPI statistics to IEA, we noticed that coal consumption for power generation is 10-13% lower in MOSPI statistics for all years considered.
We found that the reason for this is the use of different energy contents for coal. In IEA statistics an energy content of 18.7 GJ/tonne coal is used for 2004 (Graus, 2009), while MOSPI uses an energy content fluctuating between 16.0-17.8 GJ/tonne coal (GCV) for coal corresponding to 15.5-17.3 GJ/tonne (NCV) assuming a conversion factor of 0.97.
In contrast to earlier versions of this report, coal input data from IEA (2012) is used in this year’s report. The higher calorific value used by the IEA could no longer be confirmed in the public domain. The impact is a coal generation efficiency of 1-4 %pts lower than if MOSPI statistics would be used for coal input. Note that this has a comparable impact on the overall energy efficiency of fossil-fired power generation as coal is the fuel in use predominantly for power production in India. The fuel consumption for gas is found to be same as in IEA statistics 2012. For oil we observe an unexplained discrepancy with IEA statistics. However, as less than 2% of the total power production originates from oil, the impact of this difference becomes negligible on the overall fossil fuel efficiency.
9 An updates in IEA Energy Balances does not only add a subsequent year to the dataset but often also includes updates of data for earlier years. Therefore, for these years energy efficiencies in this report can differ compared to Graus (2009) and updates.
10 In the Indian statistics book years are used. I.e. 1990 refers to 1990/1991.
Figure 49 Energy efficiency for coal-fired power generation (%).
United States
For the United States, energy efficiencies are calculated from the Annual Energy Review 2013 (EIA, 2013). The US report power generation GCV (or HHV) basis and concerns net electricity generation. To be consistent with this study the EIA data is multiplied by the factors shown below to yield NCVs and gross electricity generation11.
Table 6 Conversion factors
Figure 50 shows energy efficiency by coal-fired power generation, calculated by both sources.
11 Gross electricity generation refers to the electric output of the electrical generator. Net electricity output refers to the electric output minus the electrical power utilised in the plant by auxiliary equipment such as pumps, motors and pollution control devices.
Auxiliary consumption is in general higher for coal-fired power plants than for gas-fired power plants. In this study we use 6% for coal-fired power generation, 3% for gas-fired power generation and 5% for oil-fired power generation. These values result in figures that are most consistent with the gross electricity generation figures from IEA.
0%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
IEA MOSPI
Figure 50 Energy efficiency of coal-fired power generation.
The energy efficiency for coal-fired power generation in both sources differs significantly. The energy efficiency based on EIA seems more reliable because it is more consistent. We therefore replace IEA data by EIA data for all years and fuels.
Figure 51 shows energy efficiency by oil-fired power generation, calculated by both sources. As can be seen, there are large differences in the efficiency of oil-fired power generation for the years 2000, 2001 and 2002. IEA efficiencies in 2000 and 2001 are suggested to be above BAT efficiencies. We replace IEA data with EIA data for oil-fired power generation because the EIA data set shows a more consistent and realistic trend.
Figure 51 Energy efficiency of oil-fired power generation (%).
Figure 52 shows the energy efficiency by gas-fired power generation, calculated by both sources.
30%
32%
34%
36%
38%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Energy efficiency [%]
IEA EIA
30%
34%
38%
42%
46%
50%
54%
58%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Energy efficiency [%]
IEA EIA
Figure 52 Energy efficiency of gas-fired power generation (%).
The chart shows a discrepancy which is in the range of 0.3-3.5 %pts. On the basis of the result of the comparison for oil and coal, in which EIA statistics appear to be more reliable, for reasons of consistency we also use EIA data statistics for gas.
When comparing the overall difference between the fossil efficiency based on IEA and EIA statistics, EIA statistics prove more consistent.
Figure 53 Energy efficiency of fossil-fired power generation in the United States (%).
30%
34%
38%
42%
46%
50%
54%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Energy efficiency [%]
IEA EIA
30%
32%
34%
36%
38%
40%
42%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Energy efficiency [%]
IEA EIA
Resulting energy-efficiencies
The tables below show energy efficiencies for coal-fired, gas-fired, oil-fired and fossil-fired power generation. Unless otherwise specified the numbers are based on IEA (2013). Some corrections are made, based on the comparison of IEA data to national statistics in Appendix I.
This is indicated by footnotes.
In Table 10 differences between the efficiency of fossil power generation between this report and last year’s report (Ecofys, 2013) is shown. Differences are the result of changes in historical data of the IEA (2013) database compared the IEA (2012) database and differences in national statistics updates for the US (EIA, 2013) and India (MOSPI, 2013). Table 11 provides explanations for the differences found.
Table 7 Efficiency of coal-fired power generation (%)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 AU 36.3 36.3 36.2 36.6 37.3 36.8 36.7 36.8 35.4 35.0 35.7 35.7 31.9 33.0 32.7 32.9 32.9 33.0 32.9 31.7 33.1 33.3 CH 28.9 29.4 30.1 29.8 30.8 29.7 28.4 31.3 30.5 31.6 32.1 32.0 31.6 31.5 31.5 32.1 32.6 34.3 34.1 34.4 35.4 35.7 FR 39.5 41.7 42.9 38.2 39.3 38.5 38.9 35.8 38.2 37.1 37.2 38.3 38.8 39.6 39.4 39.5 39.1 38.7 36.0 38.2 41.6 43.2 DE 34.4 35.1 35.1 35.6 35.8 36.3 36.2 36.5 37.6 37.9 38.6 37.3 37.8 39.7 38.0 39.8 38.2 38.2 39.1 37.5 38.8 38.5 IN 28.2 28.1 27.7 27.5 27.6 27.1 26.1 26.5 26.3 26.2 26.4 26.5 27.5 27.4 26.6 26.0 26.2 25.8 25.9 26.1 25.8 27.1 JP 39.7 39.9 40.4 40.1 40.4 40.4 40.5 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.0 40.9 41.3 41.3 41.1 41.0 40.9 40.8 40.8 40.7 40.8 40.5 KR 25.8 23.4 25.9 30.0 34.4 36.5 33.2 35.1 37.3 36.5 34.3 36.8 39.1 37.5 35.3 35.5 35.4 39.0 38.6 36.6 36.5 35.5 DK+FI+SE 39.5 39.6 39.6 40.7 41.4 41.6 41.0 40.7 40.4 41.7 41.2 41.5 41.5 41.2 40.0 39.7 40.3 40.4 39.8 40.3 40.7 40.4 UK+IE 37.3 38.1 36.9 38.3 38.2 39.2 39.1 37.6 37.3 37.6 38.1 37.5 38.1 38.4 37.9 37.6 37.7 37.6 38.0 37.9 37.6 37.7 US 36.1 36.1 36.3 36.2 36.1 36.1 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.0 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.1 36.0 36.1 36.0 36.0 35.8 35.8 35.8
Table 8 Efficiency of gas-fired power generation (%)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 AU 36.7 36.9 36.8 37.6 34.5 37.1 36.1 35.5 36.3 37.4 37.6 37.0 36.7 55.5 52.9 39.6 39.1 39.0 40.1 37.4 41.9 39.6 CH 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9 FR 41.3 41.0 41.0 43.7 43.0 50.6 46.4 40.6 40.1 39.7 49.5 46.0 47.5 47.6 49.2 48.9 48.2 47.6 45.7 34.6 31.7 34.0 DE 32.6 31.3 30.0 30.7 29.1 35.2 33.6 34.7 37.2 36.3 39.0 38.5 38.1 42.8 41.9 41.5 41.9 43.8 44.8 44.1 45.5 47.1 IN 23.2 24.9 28.2 32.0 36.7 37.8 40.4 44.1 49.2 57.7 56.9 53.1 52.1 52.4 52.8 53.2 55.7 60.2 59.0 46.9 43.1 50.6 JP 43.2 43.4 43.4 43.1 43.5 43.8 44.3 44.9 45.1 45.8 46.1 46.3 46.6 46.6 46.5 46.4 46.5 46.5 47.1 47.6 47.8 47.5 KR 40.5 40.6 40.3 42.3 42.3 42.2 44.8 45.2 49.3 47.1 45.2 41.9 50.1 50.6 50.4 50.6 51.6 50.9 51.0 51.0 51.1 51.6 DK+FI+SE 44.5 44.8 43.9 43.7 42.4 39.5 42.7 40.7 43.8 45.3 45.4 45.8 45.2 46.2 47.1 47.0 47.4 46.9 47.2 46.4 47.9 47.2 UK+IE 40.4 41.9 35.1 40.6 45.6 47.3 47.1 49.4 49.3 50.0 50.1 50.4 51.5 51.1 51.4 51.1 50.0 51.5 51.9 51.5 52.2 53.2 US 37.9 38.1 38.9 39.6 39.7 39.7 40.3 39.8 39.4 39.6 40.1 41.6 43.7 45.0 47.9 48.1 48.0 48.2 48.7 49.3 49.1 49.2
Table 9 Efficiency of oil-fired power generation (%)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 AU 29.6 30.5 23.5 25.1 25.7 21.8 26.6 27.1 24.1 33.0 30.8 33.7 41.5 19.6 15.6 29.2 29.9 30.7 30.5 31.0 32.0 38.5 CH 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.9 33.9 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 33.6 FR 37.9 38.3 38.4 37.1 35.8 36.3 36.2 37.0 35.4 33.5 72.3 54.6 57.0 51.1 45.3 35.6 33.7 35.8 32.9 25.7 29.4 30.3 DE 27.8 30.0 29.6 26.4 26.3 28.3 30.4 30.4 31.4 31.8 22.9 26.9 42.6 45.5 36.3 40.9 33.5 33.7 37.2 36.8 37.1 36.8 IN 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 17.2 17.9 17.4 17.5 17.9 18.6 18.4 10.8 14.8 13.9 23.5 20.0 JP 41.9 41.7 41.6 40.7 41.4 41.1 41.1 40.7 40.5 40.7 40.6 39.8 40.9 41.1 40.8 40.9 40.5 41.8 41.5 41.3 41.5 41.4 KR 35.9 37.1 38.7 40.5 43.1 38.4 42.6 35.8 38.0 33.8 32.1 33.3 33.0 34.6 33.5 32.6 32.2 37.2 37.2 37.7 38.4 45.8 DK+FI+SE 38.5 37.5 40.0 39.5 41.9 41.1 40.4 41.4 36.6 39.1 39.2 37.9 39.9 44.6 36.1 36.9 37.9 37.2 38.8 33.4 37.3 35.9 UK+IE 40.6 38.2 38.9 37.6 31.6 34.0 36.0 36.5 40.7 46.8 44.2 42.7 49.5 33.9 33.6 35.0 38.8 39.9 38.7 34.2 33.5 29.8 US 35.9 36.3 36.0 36.3 36.1 35.7 35.8 36.6 36.1 35.6 35.5 36.0 36.3 36.6 36.9 36.7 36.4 36.5 35.9 36.4 36.3 39.4
Table 10 Efficiency of fossil-fired power generation (%)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 AU 36.3 36.2 36.2 36.6 37.0 36.8 36.6 36.6 35.4 35.2 35.8 35.7 32.5 34.3 33.8 33.4 33.3 33.5 33.6 32.4 34.3 34.3 CH 29.3 29.7 30.3 30.1 30.9 29.9 28.7 31.4 30.7 31.7 32.1 32.1 31.7 31.6 31.6 32.2 32.6 34.3 34.2 34.4 35.5 35.7 FR 39.2 40.8 42.1 38.2 39.0 38.3 38.6 36.0 37.7 36.8 41.5 41.6 42.4 42.7 42.6 41.0 40.5 40.5 38.1 35.4 35.4 36.6 DE 34.0 34.5 34.4 34.8 34.8 36.0 35.8 36.2 37.5 37.6 38.5 37.3 37.9 40.2 38.5 40.1 38.7 39.0 40.2 38.7 40.1 40.0 IN 27.6 27.7 27.5 27.5 27.9 27.6 26.8 27.4 27.6 28.0 27.7 27.6 28.6 28.7 28.0 27.5 27.8 27.6 27.5 27.9 27.4 28.8 JP 41.9 41.9 41.9 41.5 41.9 41.9 42.2 42.5 42.7 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.5 43.4 43.3 42.9 43.1 43.2 43.5 43.9 43.9 43.9 KR 33.0 33.3 35.2 36.9 39.5 38.4 38.6 37.4 39.8 38.4 35.7 37.1 40.2 39.4 38.4 38.5 38.9 42.0 41.7 39.5 40.3 40.2 DK+FI+SE 39.9 39.9 40.1 40.9 41.6 41.2 41.2 40.8 40.7 42.3 42.3 42.4 42.4 42.6 41.7 41.9 42.0 41.8 41.9 41.7 42.6 42.2 UK+IE 37.7 38.1 37.0 38.6 39.1 40.6 41.2 42.0 42.0 43.7 43.5 42.9 44.1 43.6 43.6 43.1 42.4 43.8 44.7 44.8 45.1 44.8 US 36.4 36.4 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.8 36.7 36.7 36.6 36.7 36.7 37.0 37.7 37.8 38.3 38.4 38.6 38.8 38.8 39.3 39.2 39.5
Table 11 Difference fossil efficiencies in this report and the previous version of this report (Ecofys, 2013) in percentage points. Difference larger than 2.0 %pts are marked red. Differences between 2.0 and 0.3%pts are marked yellow.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 AU 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.2% -1.6% -1.6% -1.5% -1.5% -2.6% -0.7%
CH 0.0% 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.0% 0.0% -0.2% -0.2% -0.2% -0.2% -0.4% -0.1%
FR 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 0.1%
DE 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -0.5% -0.3% -0.2% -0.2% -0.2% -0.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -0.6% -0.6% -0.7% -0.7% -0.8% -0.8% 0.0%
IN 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 0.3% 0.0% -0.5% -0.6%
JP 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -0.5%
KR 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% -0.1%
DK+FI+SE 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
UK+IE 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%
US 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Table 12 Explanation for differences in fossil efficiencies in this report and the previous version of this report (Ecofys, 2013)
Region Years of
deviation Explanation Source
Australia S: 2004
L: 2003; 2005-2009
In the 2013 edition, data for Australia were revised back to 2003 due to the adoption of the National Greenhouse and Energy
Reporting (NGER) as the main energy consumption data source for the Australian Energy Statistics. a
China
S: 1994-2002, 2005-2008; 2010
M: 2009
As a result of the change in China’s national energy balance in 2012, revisions in the IEA 2013 edition may lead to breaks in series
between 2009 and 2010 (especially for coal and gas). b
France S: 2000; 2010
L: 2009 Gas: improvements in data collection lead to some breaks in series between 2008 and 2009. a
Germany
S:1997-2000 M:1995-1996;
2004-2009
Natural Gas: There is a break in series between 2009 and 2010 due to a new, more comprehensive legal framework that resulted in methodological changes for production and new calorific values for natural gas.
In the 2013 edition, heat production from natural gas was estimated based on the revisions of natural gas inputs by the German administration for 1995-2000 and 2003-2006 for autoproducer CHP, main activity CHP, and main activity heat
a
India
S: 2005 M: 2006-2007;
2009-2010 Data was updated by the IEA, but no explanation was provided with regard to the changes made -
Japan M: 2010 -
UK + Ireland S. 2009 -
Legend
S: Small differences (≤ 0.2 ppts). For these differences no explanation is provided.
M: Medium differences are 0.3-1.0 ppts L: Large differences are > 1.0 ppts Sources
a = IEA (2013). Energy Balances Of OECD Countries: Beyond 2020 Documentation (2013 Edition) b = IEA (2012): Energy Statistics Of Non-OECD Countries: Beyond 2020 Documentation (2013 Edition)