5.3. COUNTRY SPECIFIC CALCULATION RESULTS
5.3.1.1. Algeria
The results from Algeria are given in Table 73. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 69.
TABLE 73. ALGERIA LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.72 0.65 0.60 0.36
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.34 0.29 0.27 0.18
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.48 0.45 0.44 0.29
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.39 0.02 0.05 0.00
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.08 0.26 0.18 0.44
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.01 1.67 1.54 1.27
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.20 0.26 0.20 0.34
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.15
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.39 0.55 0.28
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.59 0.77 0.87 0.76
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.60 2.44 2.41 2.04
Algeria results of hydrogen generation costs for the four cases are lying in a narrow price range between 2.04 $/kg-H2 for Japan and 2.60 $/kg-H2 for Canada. All results are well within the range of prices calculated by the other countries.
FIG. 69. The result of case studies by Algeria 0
1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.2. Argentina
The results from Argentina are given in Table 74. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 70.
TABLE 74. ARGENTINA LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.12
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.71 0.73 0.68 0.46
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.31
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 3.23 0.13 0.30 0.01
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.09 0.24 0.17 0.39
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 4.78 1.78 1.80 1.29
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.12
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.09 0.29 0.23 0.37
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.53 1.11 0.28
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.55 0.05 0.08 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 1.05 0.96 1.49 0.77
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 5.83 2.74 3.29 2.06
Lowest specific costs for hydrogen production are being achieved for the Japan case (2.06 $/kg-H2), followed by the China, Germany and Canada cases. The very high production costs in the latter case are due to an unusually high contribution from decommissioning costs (~65% of total costs), which again is the result of the (unintentional) assumption of a zero % discount rate. The LHGC for the other cases are comparable with the other countries’ results.
FIG. 70. The result of case studies by Argentina
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.3. Canada
The results from Canada are given in Table 75. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 71.
TABLE 75. CANADA LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.08
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.23
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.31
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 3.23 0.13 0.30 0.01
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.09 0.24 0.17 0.39
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 4.38 1.36 1.42 1.02
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.09
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.11 0.15 0.12 0.19
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.53 1.11 0.28
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.55 0.05 0.08 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.95 0.80 1.36 0.56
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 5.33 2.16 2.78 1.58
Calculations with the Canada financial parameters yielded lowest hydrogen generation costs for the Japan case (1.58 $/kg-H2), which is also lowest among all countries, and highest for the Canada case (5.33 $/kg-H2). In the Canada case, it is the extremely high share of decommissioning cost contributing to the hydrogen price. Also, in all four cases, the Canada predicted contribution from capital cost is lowest among all countries, with only one exception (Pakistan for the China case), but this for another reason.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.4. China
Results from China are given in Table 76. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 72.
TABLE 76. CHINA LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.52 0.50 0.41 0.16
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.57 0.48 0.39 0.20
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.42 0.48 0.41 0.31
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.01
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.09 0.31 0.18 0.28
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 1.69 1.77 1.4 0.97
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.11 0.19 0.14 0.39
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.10 0.20 0.13 0.41
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.16 0.57 0.30 0.62
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.39 0.96 0.57 1.43
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.08 2.73 1.98 2.40
Different from most other countries, China’s predicted hydrogen generation costs are lowest for the Germany case (1.98 $/kg); the comparison shows the contribution from hydrogen plant O&M costs to be lowest for all countries. Highest hydrogen price is predicted for the China case (2.73 $/kg). With an estimated price of 2.08 $/kg- H2 for the Canada case, China’s price is lowest among all countries due to a small decommissioning costs contribution as a result of a high discount rate assumed.
FIG. 72. The result of case studies by China
0 1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.5. Germany
Results from Germany are given in Table 77. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 73.
TABLE 77. GERMANY LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.85 0.81 0.76 0.44
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.46 0.36 0.34 0.23
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.34
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.20 0.01 0.03 0.00
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.10 0.31 0.21 0.51
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.08 1.98 1.83 1.52
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.23 0.32 0.26 0.43
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.19
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.43 0.62 0.31
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.61 0.90 1.00 0.93
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.69 2.88 2.83 2.45
For all four cases, Germany results are very close to those provided with the HEEP default financial parameters. For the China case, Germany assesses with 2.88 $/kg the highest hydrogen price for all cases and also the highest price among all countries, the latter due a large contribution from capital costs. Lowest hydrogen price is like most other countries being assessed for the Japan case.
FIG. 73. The result of case studies by Germany
0 1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.6. India
Results from India are given in Table 78. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 74.
TABLE 78. INDIA LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.40 0.32 0.33 0.19
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.84 0.64 0.67 0.45
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.52 0.45 0.49 0.35
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.43 0.02 0.06 0.00
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.11 0.27 0.20 0.49
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.30 1.69 1.74 1.49
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.19
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.22 0.26 0.23 0.37
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.26 0.53 1.23 0.31
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.07 0.01 0.02 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.66 0.92 1.59 0.87
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.96 2.62 3.33 2.36
India’s predicted hydrogen price is lowest for the Japan case (2.36 $/kg) and highest for the Germany case (3.33 $/kg). The price in the Germany case is also highest among all countries due to large contributions from both capital costs and O&M costs.
FIG. 74. The result of case studies by India 0
1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.7. Japan
Results from Japan are given in Table 79. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 75.
TABLE 79. JAPAN LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0. 0. 0. 0.
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.72 0.59 0.56 0.38
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.31
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 1.05 0.06 0.13 0.01
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.09 0.26 0.17 0.41
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.33 1.36 1.30 1.11
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0. 0. 0. 0.
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.19 0.24 0.19 0.31
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.53 1.11 0.28
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.18 0.02 0.04 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.60 0.79 1.34 0.59
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.93 2.15 2.64 1.70
Japan predicts lowest hydrogen price for the Japan case (1.70 $/kg). Highest price is being calculated with 2.93 $/kg for the Canada case. Compared to other countries, Japan has generally a small contribution from capital cost which is exclusively based on borrowed capital in connection with a – typical for Japan – low interest rate.
FIG. 75. The result of case studies by China
0 1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.8. Pakistan
The results from Pakistan are given in Table 80. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 76.
TABLE 80. PAKISTAN LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.56 0.23 0.43 0.30
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.13 0.06 0.11 0.06
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.48 0.22 0.44 0.29
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 1.10 0.03 0.13 0.01
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.41
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.36 0.67 1.28 1.07
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.15 0.09 0.15 0.24
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.06
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.26 1.11 0.28
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.19 0.01 0.04 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.61 0.39 1.34 0.58
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.97 1.06 2.62 1.65
Pakistan’s predicted hydrogen price is lowest for Case B (1.06 $/kg) and highest for Case A (2.97 $/kg). The extremely low LHGC value in Case B is mainly due to the assumed zero refurbishment for the hydrogen plant. In Case C with steam reforming, Pakistan conducted an additional sensitivity calculation with regard to the gas price; for the more realistic domestic natural gas price of 6 US $ per million BTU, the H2 O&M costs would be reduced to 0.86 $ resulting in a total LHGC of 2.39 $.
FIG. 76. The result of case studies by Pakistan
0 1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.9. Republic of Korea
The results from the Republic of Korea are given in Table 81. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 77.
TABLE 81. REPUBLIC OF KOREA LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.28 0.24 0.23 0.13
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.58 0.55 0.51 0.34
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.31
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 1.52 0.08 0.18 0.01
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.09 0.25 0.17 0.41
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.94 1.57 1.53 1.20
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.12
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.15 0.22 0.17 0.28
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.53 1.11 0.28
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.26 0.03 0.05 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.72 0.88 1.41 0.68
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 3.66 2.45 2.94 1.88
The hydrogen price predicted by the Republic of Korea is lowest for the Japan case (1.88 $/kg) and highest for the Canada case (3.66 $/kg).
0 1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost
5.3.1.10. HEEP default financial parameters
The results applying the HEEP default financial parameter set are given in Table 82. The nuclear to hydrogen plant cost ratio is shown in Fig. 78.
TABLE 82. LHGC FOR TECHNOLOGY BASED CASES WITH HEEP DEFAULT DATA (DETAILED RESULTS)
Cases Case A Case B Case C Case D
NP Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.67 0.65 0.61 0.35
NP Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.47 0.48 0.45 0.30
NP O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.34
NP Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.53 0.03 0.08 0.00
NP Fuel ($/kg) 0.10 0.29 0.20 0.48
Total (nuclear plant) ($/kg) 2.24 1.94 1.83 1.47
H2Capital cost (equity) ($/kg) 0.18 0.26 0.21 0.34
H2Capital cost (debt) ($/kg) 0.12 0.19 0.15 0.25
H2O&M + refurbishment ($/kg) 0.23 0.43 0.62 0.31
H2Decommissioning ($/kg) 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.00
Total (hydrogen plant) ($/kg) 0.62 0.89 1.00 0.90
Total LHGC from production ($/kg) 2.86 2.83 2.83 2.37
HEEP calculations with default financial parameters lead to LHGC values which in none of the four cases are the lowest or highest prices, but are typically located in the upper price range. Like for the majority of all countries, the lowest hydrogen production price is yielded for the Japan case (2.37 $/kg) and the highest price for the Canada case (2.86 $/kg).
FIG. 78. The result of case studies with HEEP default financial parameters
0 1 2 3 4 5
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Hydrogen production cost (US$/kg)-H2 Hydrogen plant cost Nuclear plant cost