Sistemas inducibles para regular la actividad de las células CAR-T

Personal names consist of a name and a surname, sometimes also referred to in English as first name and last name. Each of these names is considered to be a regular noun in BCS. Names of males are masculine in gender, and names of females are feminine in gender.

All men’s names take case endings. For women, however, only first names ending in -a take case endings. Women’s last names never take case endings. In the following exchange, for instance, each of two names – one referring to a man and one to a woman – occurs twice, once in the nominative and once in the accusative. Three of the four names take Asg. case endings, but the fourth – the woman’s surname – does not (and cannot, by the rules of BCS).

Nsg.masc . – Mìlan Ìlić je naš prijatelj. “Milan Ilić is our friend.

Nsg.fem. Njègova žèna je Sanja Làlić. His wife is Sanja Lalić.

Da li ih pòznajete? Do you know them?”

Asg.masc. – Pòznajem Mìlana Ìlića, “I know Milan Ilić,

Asg.fem. a Sanju Làlić ne pòznajem. but I don’t know Sanja Lalić.”

S,B da li ih poznajete / B,C poznajete li ih

37b.

When a single person is addressed by the polite form vi, a predicate adjective agrees with the pronoun’s grammatical status of plural. But a predicate noun refers to the real-world fact of a single person, and appears in the singular.

predicate adjective Vi ste vrlo ljùbazni, gospòdine. You are very kind, sir.

predicate noun Vi ste ljùbazan čòvjek. You are a kind person.

J čovjek / E čovek

37c. The words for “person” and “people”

The word meaning man, person is čovjek / čovek. No plural ending is ever added to this word. Instead, the word ljudi is used, in the meaning people. No singular form of this latter word exists. Although čovek / čovjek can (and does on occasion) refer to females considered in the context of person, it is more frequently used in the generic meaning man, with all the same over-tones of English man. The more neutral word osoba “person, individual” is increasingly found in use for this neutral meaning; in Serbian the word lice is often used in the same meaning. The plu-rals, however – osobe and lica – specifically means individuals. The neutral word for people re-mains ljudi; and this word in turn is considered to be the neutral plural form of čovek / čovjek.

Òvaj čòvjek je naš dobar prijatelj. This man / person is our good friend.

Ko su ti ljudi? Da li ih pòznaješ? Who are these people? Do you know them?

– Vidiš li òne ljude tamo? “Do you see those people over there?”

– Ne, vidim samo jèdnog čòveka. “No, I see only one person.

Zašto pitaš? Why do you ask?

– Pitam zàto što tražim jèdnu òsobu. “I ask because I’m seeking a [certain] individual.”

Napolju čeka neko sùmnjivo lìce. There’s a suspicious person waiting outside.

J čovjek / E čovek; S,B ko / C tko; S,B da li ih poznaješ / C,B poznaješ li ih; C,B vidiš li / S,B da li vidiš;

E čoveka / J čovjeka; S,B napolju / C,B vani; S lice / B,C,S osoba

38 The particle se and verbal usage, introduction

A number of BCS verbs include the particle se as part of their meaning. This particle must accompany any conjugated form of the verb in question. Although many grammars call the parti-cle se a reflexive partiparti-cle (and any verb to which it is affixed a reflexive verb), it is more accurate to refer to these verbs simply as se-verbs. This is because only a very few BCS verbs are true re-flexives – verbs in which the particle se carries a meaning similar to English oneself. For discus-sion of these specific verbs, see [97].

By contrast, the full range of meanings covered by se-verbs is very broad (for more discus-sion, see [74, 98]). Perhaps the most frequent meaning of these broader meanings of se is that which is the most difficult to define: in essence, the addition of se to a verb acts to focus more attention on the verbal idea itself. One way it does this is to make a verb intransitive. A transitive verb by definition can (and usually must) take a direct object. Adding se to such a verb makes it intransitive: it deprives it of the necessity (and ability) to take a direct object. For example, the verb zvati is a transitive verb, requiring a direct object. Usually the object is explicitly stated; if not, the speaker has one in mind. The verb zvati se, by contrast, has the particular meaning of identifying someone by name, stating what one is called. It is the addition of the particle se which effects this change in meaning. Here are examples:

zvati Majka zòve sina svaki dan. Mother calls [her] son every day.

(transitive) Njègovi prijatelji ga zòvu Tòma. His friends call him Toma.

Često nas zòvu kad nìsu tu. They often call us when they’re away.

zvati se Ja se zòvem Àna, a on – Tòma. My name is Ana and his – Toma.

(intransitive) Svi ùčesnici se zòvu Smith. All the participants are called Smith.

S,B svi učesnici / C svi sudionici; C,B Smith / S Smit

A second way in which the addition of se focuses more attention on the verbal idea itself is by making an active verb passive. Here, the central point is that a transitive verb is one with a direct object. When that which would have been the verb’s object is expressed as a subject, the sentence has become passive. For example, the verb kazati means “say [something]”. That which is said is not always explicitly stated, but it is always present in the speaker’s mind in the meaning of the verb. When that which is said becomes the subject of the verb, the particle se changes the verb into a passive one, such that kazati se means something parallel to English “to be said”. The resulting phrase, to se kaže, is used only in the 3sg. form.

kazati (active) Šta kaže? Nè čujem dobro. What’s s/he saying? I can’t hear very well.

Kažu lèpe stvari! They’re saying nice things!

kaže se (passive) Kàko se to kaže na hr̀vatskom? How do you say that in Croatian?

To se samo tàko kaže, znaš! That’s just how people talk, you know!

S,B šta / C što; E lepe / J lijepe

The two verbal forms seen above – zove se and kaže se – are so frequent in BCS as to be fixed expressions, and can for the moment be learned as such. Eventually they will be seen as illustrative of some of the most basic organizing principles of BCS grammar.

39 Word order, continued

According to the XYZ template describing word order when clitics are involved (review [12]), the position identified as X is occupied by the first significant unit. Although this unit

usu-ally consists of a single word, it can also comprise a phrase of two or more accented words. One of the phrases most frequently encountered in the X position is a combination of adjective + noun.

X Y Z

Tàkva stvar je rijètka. Such a thing is rare.

Njègova sèstra je tamo ròđena. His sister was born there.

Naši ljudi su svùda. Our people are everywhere.

J rijetka / E retka; B,S svuda / C svagdje

When the noun is modified by only a single adjective, Croatian will often keep the adjective in slot X, but shift the noun to slot Z. This occurs in Serbian and Bosnian as well, but much less frequently (for more on this word order, see [164b], and for discussion of it as a marker of the difference between Serbian and Croatian, see [172b]).

X Y Z

Tàkva je stvar rijètka. Such a thing is rare.

Njègova je sèstra tamo ròđena. His sister was born there.

J rijetka / E retka

But if the adjective portion of an adjective + noun unit is a question word, nearly all speak-ers of BCS will put the adjective only into slot X and move the noun to slot Z. This pattern is obligatory with the pronominal adjective kakav, and vastly preferred with čiji. Although some speakers allow both options with koji, the first is strongly preferred.

X Y Z

Kàkav je on čòvjek? What sort of man is he?

Čìja je òvo plàva knjiga? Whose blue book is this?

Kòja je dèvojka tvòja sèstra? Which girl is your sister?

Kòja dèvojka je tvòja sèstra? [same]

J čovjek / E čovek; E devojka / J djevojka

When the occupant of slot X is a conjunction or single question word, there is no variation:

clitics are required without exception to follow this word directly. This, in fact, is the same rule encountered earlier in connection with the conjunction da (review [29a]). The first set of exam-ples illustrates this rule with zašto and zato što, and the second set with the conjunction da. This rule is very important in BCS, and must be internalized thoroughly (for more detail, see [164a]).

X Y Z

Zašto ga tražiš? Why are you looking for him?

Zašto ga ti tražiš? Why are you [the one who is] looking for him?

Zàto što je on moj brat. Because he’s my brother.

Kàko se to kaže na srpskom? How do you say that in Serbian?

X Y Z

Нѐ зна да је то тво̀је име. He doesn’t know that’s your name.

Мислим да се о̀на зо̀ве На̀да. I think [that] her name is Nada.

Жѐлим да га ти тражиш. I want YOU to [be the one to] look for him.

CHAPTER 4

40 Present tense, continued

The majority of verb types which must be individually learned belong to the e-conjugation, although a few belong to the i-conjugation.

40a. Type

Verbs with infinitive in -ći always follow the e-conjugation. By far the most important of these is ići “go”. The present tense stem of this verb ends in -d.