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PCF and the modern CF languages have a strong constraint which requires that words consist of a maximum of two syllables. Therefore, all PMP forms consisting of three (or more) syllables are reduced to disyllabic forms in PCF. There are several strategies by which trisyllabic PMP forms may be reduced to PCF disyllables.

The most common strategy is deletion of the initial syllable, as in PMP *qiteluR ⇒ PCF *t@lo ‘egg’. When the initial syllable has the form PMP *qV-, this is always the strategy employed, but other initial syllables may be deleted as well. One PMP trisyllable,

Table 33: Reflexes of final PMP *-R, *-q in PCF

pmp *-uR *-uR *-uR *-iR *-ud *-eq *-eq pcf *-o *-o *-o *-e *-o *-a *-a pmp *niuR *qiteluR *ikuR *wahiR *bulud *taneq *ma-baseq

pcf *nio *t@lo *eko *wae *wolo *tana *(m)basa lio nio t@lo eko ae wolo tana (nd@mo) end nio t@ôo Peko Pae woôo tana mbasa e:ngo nio t@Ðo eko ae woÐo tana mbasa w:ngo nio t@Ðo eko ae woÐo tana b

˚asa keo nio t@do Peko Pae wodo tana (bita) e:nag nio t@do eko ae wodo tana (pisa) c:nag nio t@lo eko ae - tana basa e:ngd - t@o eko ae - tana (rasi) w:ngd nio t@lo eko wae wolo tana basa

c:ngd nio t@lo eko wae wolo tana basa ron nio t@lo eko wae wolo tana mbasa gloss coconut egg tail water hill land wet

*taliNa ‘ear’ shows a unique development: the first vowel is deleted and the initial *tal- sequence becomes a PCF *kl- cluster, yielding PCF *kliNa.

If the PMP trisyllable is formed by the verbal PMP *ma- prefix, the vowel of the prefix is usually dropped and the initial nasal segment either causes prenasalization of the following segment, or protects it from the normal processes of lenition targeting PMP phonemes (such as PMP *b ⇒ PCF *w). This process applies mainly to labial initial PMP roots (such as PMP *ma-paqit⇒ PCF *baPi ‘bitter’), but is also observed in some non-labial roots (PMP *ma-tuqah⇒ PCF *nduPa ‘primary forest’)

In PMP trisyllables formed with *ma- where the root begins with PMP *q-, *h-, the initial nasal of the prefix is retained and the *q-, *h- is deleted, often with coalescence of adjacent vowels (as in PMP *ma-quhaw⇒ PCF *moa ‘thirsty’).

3.4.4 Summary

In this section, I have gone over the regular reflexes of PMP phonemes as they are inherited in PCF, as well as the regular deletion of PMP coda consonants and the reduction of PMP trisyllables.

Most PMP phonemes have very straightforward reflexes in PCF. Some sound changes which occur between PMP and PCF, such as PMP *q⇒PCF *P(between vowels), PMP *b⇒ PCF *w, PMP *˜n⇒PCF *n, PMP *R ⇒PCF *r, and the deletion of PMP *h are

Table 34: Reflexes of PMP trisyllables in PCF

pmp *qV- *qV- *qV- *bi- *ba- *ka- *tal-

pcf *∅- *∅- *∅- *∅- *∅- *∅- *kl- pmp *qalejaw *qalima *qiteluR *bituka *banua *kamu-yu *taliNa

pcf *l@dZa *lima *t@lo *tuka *nua *miu *kliNa lio l@dZa lima t@lo tuka nua miu kiNa end ô@ra ôima t@ôo tuka nua miu iNa e:ngo Ð@ya Ðima t@Ðo tuka (mboPa) miu yiNa w:ngo Ð@ôa Ðima t@Ðo tuka (b

˚oPa) miu yiNa keo d@ra dima t@do tuka nua miu iNa e:nag d@ôa dima t@do tuka (mboPa) miu liNa c:nag l@za lima t@lo tuka (boPa) miu hiNa e:ngd @ra ima t@o tuka - miu hiNa w:ngd l@za lima t@lo tuka nua miu hiNa c:ngd l@za lima t@lo tuka nua miu hiNa ron l@ôa lima t@lo tuka nua meu hiNa gloss day, sun arm, hand egg belly village 2pl ear

Table 35: PCF reflexes of PMP trisyllables beginning in stative *ma-

pmp *ma-b- *ma-p- *ma-qi- *ma-qu- *ma-qu- *ma-he-

pcf *b- *b- *mi *mu- *mo- *me-

pmp *ma-baRani *ma-penuq *ma-qitem *ma-qudip *ma-quhaw *ma-heyaq

pcf *bani *b@nu *mite *mudi *moa *mea

lio bani b@nu mite muri moa mea

end mbani mb@nu mite muri moa mea

e:ngo (dZiGa) mb@nu mite muyi moa mea w:ngo (tSiGa) b

˚@nu mite muôi moa mea

keo (Nasi) mb@nu mite muri moa mea e:nag (Nasi) mb@nu mite muôi moa mea

c:nag - b@nu mite muzi - -

e:ngd - - mite muri - mea

w:ngd (nadZi) b@nu mite muzi moa mea c:ngd (nazi) b@nu mite muzi moa mea ron mbani mb@nu mite muôi (maôa) mea gloss angry full black alive thirsty shy

extremely common and do not provide very good evidence towards the unity of PCF as a clade. One of the more distinctive sound changes to occur is the merger of PMP *z, *j⇒ PCF *dZ.

The deletion of all PMP coda consonants is a systematic change which usually leaves no trace and results in only open syllables in all modern CF languages. This is a some- what distinctive feature, because all other languages of Flores retain at least some coda consonants. The reduction of PMP trisyllables to PCF disyllables is not unique to the CF languages, but it is carried out with exceptional regularity in the CF languages (for which not a single word of more than two syllables can be reconstructed).