TIPOS DE IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES

The construction of residential building in urban area of China after 1949 closely follows the urbanization process in China and is a result of strictly control by government. The development of residential building in urban area in China was developed in three stages.

 First stage: Univocal growing of quantity. In the beginning of foundation of PRC, refurbishment for existing residential building was emphasized due to there were many cities needed to be regenerated after a long period of civil war. Then until middle of the 1950s, new constructed buildings were influenced by design concept came from Russia and China begun the exploration of unit residential building design which was organized the single rooms connected by corridor without living room. In the 1970s, the design for residential building was not humanizing that there was not living room so the activities such as meeting, eating and even sleeping were concentered into the mixed-function space.

Fig. 5.1 Typical residential building in China

 Second stage: Growth both of quantity and quality. It begun from end of 1980s

• 1950s, in Shanghai • 1990s, in Shijiazhuang

and with the development of economic and improving of living level, the design conception of residential building changed into big living room and small rooms in the unit. This style divided the space by functions and brought out the division of activate and quiet.

 Third stage: Quality improvement. This period begun from end of 1990s until now. During this period, the residential building in urban areas of China was improved a lot as the result of urbanization and privacy inform. The residential building industry was changed into real estate industry and the essential of design conception is matching the demand of residence. In recent years, there are many new demands such like comfort improvement, multi-functions, natural ventilation and lighting etc. In addition, the surrounding living environment and municipal facilities also became the factors for judging the quality of a residential building.

5.1.1.1 Category

The category of residential building can be summarized by many methods. In general, we always categorize residential building as single house, villa, apartment, townhouse, etc. Basically, according to the living style, single house and apartment are two main categories of house in urban areas. Because the huge population and limit of landscape, most of residential building in China are apartment which is different from Europe and US that villa takes a fairly large number.

Category by height: Low storied dwelling; Multi-storied dwelling; Mid-high-rise-storied

dwelling; High-rise dwelling; Super-tall residential.

 Low storied dwelling: refers to one detached house (one family), townhouse (two families) and row house (multi families). Compared with multi-storied apartment and high rise residence, low storied dwelling is more natural and agreeable (there are single yield) and fit for old people and children. It meets people with great favor because there are good living environment and less interaction by others but the restriction by land price and utilization efficiency limited quantity of low storied dwelling.

 _{Multi-storied dwelling: is the most common residential style in all cities in China.} All the spaces organized by vertical public transportation.

It’s developed so broad in China cause its advantages:

a) In the economic aspect, the investment for public infrastructure like elevator, water aspirator and etc. is more efficient.

b) In the design aspect, inter space combination is simple.

c) In the structure aspect, masonry—concrete structure which is used broadly is low cost.

But there are also disadvantages:

a) The living environment such like natural lighting, ventilation, thermal insulation and water repellency for ground floor and top floor is undesirability. b) Building façade and space combination are similar and there are no

opportunities for innovation.

 Mid-high-rise-storied dwelling: refers buildings which have 7-10 stories. This type of building’s height is more than 24 meters, so it’s high-rise building but has many similarities with multi-stories buildings so we call this kind of residential building as mid-tall- storied dwelling. So the characteristics of this kind of building is obviously:

a) Building plot ratio is higher than multi-storied building so it’s more efficient for land use.

b) From the view of inter space design, the concrete structure which is broadly adopted in this kind of building makes it’s more flexible for space combination. c) Cause of the height limit, the insulation of elevator makes it’s more

comfortable.

 _{High-rise dwelling: is the result of urbanization and industrialization and usually} there are two categories which are point style and board style. The advantages of high-rise residential building are: high efficiency of land use; thorough infrastructures and public external space etc. It’s attractive to house owners. But the disadvantages are also evident: insufficiency of natural lighting, ventilation and high cost because of elevator and high pressure water pump etc. The transportation resolved the inter space combination.

 Super-tall residential: refers to high-rise building which are more than 30 stories or over 100 meters height. This kind of building are constructed in big cities in China but the price for it keeps high level compared because of addition part for investment. On the other hand, the huge construction leaves floor for architecture innovation such as application of materials, façade and even civil engineer.

Category by structure : Wood and brick structure; Masonry—concrete structure; Steel

frame structure; The steel scissors wall structure; The steel scissors wall structure; steel structure etc.

Of course, there are also other typologies for dividing residential building. In urban area of China, the most common type of residential building is unit apartment. Different from that of EU, as we talked in chapter 4, the city scale of Chinese cities is much bigger compared with European cities since the huge population and urbanization, the living environment of residential building in urban area of China is limited by space and natural resource. There is few single dwelling or townhouse in urban area. In urban area, Chinese people used to live in apartment building with several units in each floor. According to REICO data base (State Statistics Bureau China), until 2009, in all existing residential building in urban area of China, unit apartment takes 93.4% which is 0.7% more than that of 2008. And two-bed-room unit is the most common unit in existing buildings. But for new constructions, the area of unit is kept improving in recent years.

5.1.1.2 Space combination characteristics

The suit model is influenced by social productivity, science development, living level and level of civilization and the internal space combination is improved with the rise of living environment. In China, as we mentioned in last title, most residential building which are worth to be refurbished are built in 1970s to 1990s last century are built with bricks and concrete structure and are changed a lot.

Different with the dwelling and apartment in Europe and US, residential building in China is usually smaller and designed in simpler style. It’s decided by the low living requirement and low economic condition.

There were three kinds of space combination methods will be introduced.

 Bedroom-centered combination: those buildings which were built at the beginning of 80s, because of the economic limit they were designed in the aim that solving the basic requirement for a family. In the plan of this kind apartment, architect only divided space into living area, cooking area and washing area. All the activities excluding toileting, washing and cooking are all acted inside the central space ---- living area. So the extents of functional spaces are so low and complex that only could meet with the basic living requirement. Fig. 5.2 is a plan of standard floor in a

typical “Bedroom-centered combination” apartment. We can see that there are six units located symmetrically by the stair and in each unit there are only bedroom as living area, toilet as washing area and kitchen as cooking area.

 Foyer-centered combination: That kind of building was built from middle of 80s to middle of 90s. The characteristic of plan design is that bedroom and dining room were separated and all the functional spaces like bedrooms, kitchen, toilet and dining room are combined by foyer. Sometimes, in the small unit, foyer is used as dining room and living room. The disadvantage of this kind of unit is lack of natural ventilation and visual contact among different rooms, and there would be interaction by different family members. Fig. 5.3 shows the plan of a typical “Foyer-centered combination” apartment. We can see that all the functional spaces are combined by foyer. Just because

of this, the boundary of foyer is split by four doors so efficiency of foyer is reduced.  Living room-centered combination: this kind of building was built from end of 80s

to 90s. It was developed from “foyer- centered combination” model. Different from

K-kitchen; L-living room; T-toilet; C-corridor

Fig. 5.2 Plan of Bedroom-centered combination unit in residential building

K-kitchen; B-bedroom; T-toilet; C-corridor; F-foyer; BA-balcony

Fig. 5.3 Foyer-centered

combination unit in residential building

the former one, the unit is larger and there were living room what could be the main communication space for family members. And the conception of “movement and quiet division” was used in the plan. We can see from Fig. 5.4, there are only two families in each floor and natural ventilation and lighting environment were promoted a lot because of the north-south direction. But with the improving of society and changing of living style, the problems of this kind of apartment such as toilet is too small and lack of thinking for guests, residential building are needed to be refurbished.