CAPÍTULO 5: CONCLUSIONES
4. Trabajo futuro
Conocido todo esto, si una vez realizados los estudios de las propiedades mecánicas de los cementos óseos con copolímeros de bloque, se observa que estas mejoran notablemente, fundamentalmente la tenacidad a la fractura, lo lógico sería estudiar la posibilidad de añadir al cemento óseo nanotubos (en torno al 0.5%) y Nanostrenght®M52 de manera simultánea. De esta manera es posible que los nanotubos
108 mejoren las propiedades térmicas, mientras que el Nanostrenght® M52 mejora las propiedades mecánicas.
A su vez, también se pretende trabajar con otros copolímeros en bloque con distintas estructuras para comprobar su efecto sobre los cementos.
109
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115
Thin Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Nanocyl®-7000 series thin multi-wall carbon nanotubes are produced via the catalytic carbon vapor deposition (ccvd) process.
A primary interest is in applications requiring low electrical percolation threshold such as high-performance electrostatic dissipative plastics or coatings.
Nanocyl®-7000 is available in powder form in quantities starting at 1 kg to multi-tons. Pre-dispersed forms are also available (PlastiCylTM, EpoCylTM, AquaCylTM).
Ref: NC7000DS - 05 February 2007
Characterization Nanocyl®-7000
Property Unit Value Method of Measurement
Average diameter nanometers 9.5 TEM Average Length microns 1.5 TEM Carbon Purity % 90 TGA Metal Oxide (impurity) % 10 TGA Amorphous Carbon & Carbon
Shells (impurity) % Not detectable HRTEM Surface area m2/g 250-300 BET
+ Further information is available upon request
The information contained on this datasheet is believed to be reliable— yet Nanocyl makes no warranties and assumes no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing herein is to be taken as a license to operate under or infringe any patent. While this information is accurate at the time of publication, please contact Nanocyl or check http://www.nanocyl.com for the most up-to-date information.
Nanocyl S.A. Rue de l’Essor, 4 B-5060 Sambreville BELGIUM Tel +32 71 750 380 Fax +32 71 750 390 [email protected]
www.nanocyl.com
US Offices 800 Hingham St. Rockland MA 02370 U.S.A. Tel +1 781 261 9778 Fax +1 781 261 9769 [email protected]The Carbon Nanotube Specialist
Nano-engineer your future
Technical Data Sheet- Nanostrength M52 for Epoxies
February 2011 1
NANOSTRENGTH
M52
EPOXY APPLICATION
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET
Description:
Nanostrength M52 is a PMMA-bloc-PbuA-bloc-PMMA copolymer. As for the Nanostrength range, the Nanostrength M52 is particularly well suited when toughening is required while maintaining the thermal properties of the thermoset sytems.
The Nanostrength M52 has been specifically designed to provide excellent properties in low polar thermoset systems like Epoxy-Jeffamine, Epoxy-MDEA or Epoxy-phenolics.
Typical dosages range from 3 to 10% for toughening. At higher loadings (15-50%), Nanostrength® modifies the rheology to allow innovative automated solvent free processing of thermoset systems.
Key features:
Nanostrength M52 has the following key characteristics
(1)
Data not intended for specification purposes
Benefits and applications:
Nanostrength® is a new family of self-assembling block copolymers. They are constituted of three blocks of linear chains covalently bonded to one another. The family currently consists in two categories: the SBM and the MAM. SBM are constituted of polystyrene, 1,4-polybutadiene and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) whereas MAM are pure acrylic symmetric block copolymers constituted of a center block of poly(butyl acrylate) and two side blocks of poly(Methyl methacrylate). Because of repulsive interactions between the three blocks, Nanostrength self-organize at the nanometer scale. Blended with a polymer compatible with one of their blocks, Nanostrength disperse easily and impose a structuration to the host matrix. This organization imparts unique combinations of properties, such as impact strength, high rigidity and transparency.
Thanks to the BlocBuilder technology, all the Nanostrength MAM are free of any metal or halogen species. Nanostrength M52 represents a very interesting balance between toughness and viscosity for DGEBA- Jeffamine systems. It also gives unique properties in TGDDM-MDEA systems.
Property Method Unit Typical value (1)
Aspect Visual White powder Rubber content Medium
Polarity Standard
EEW ISO 3001 g/Eq 0 Viscosity at 10% in
DGEBA LY556 at 80°C Rheometer mPa.s 560 MFI 190°C, 2.16kg 5 Thermal stability TGA under N2 °C > 300°C
Technical Data Sheet- Nanostrength M52 for Epoxies February 2011 2 Viscosity 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Temperature (°C) V is c o s it y ( P a .s ) DGEBA 10% M52 Mechanical properties Example of a stress-strain curve* for TGDDM-MDEA system modified with 10% of M52.
*)
The curve is intended solely for indicating potential performance that can be achieved with Nanostrength M52 but it doesn’t replace the reader’s own evaluations and experimentation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1 2 3 4 5 Strain (%) S tr e s s ( M P a ) Systems KIC (MPa.m 0.5 ) GIC (J.m²) Tg (°C) TGDDM-MDEA 0.76 180 167 + 10% M52 1.53 784 171 RTM 6 0.64 - 231 + 5% M52 0.9 - 230 Example of the temperature
dependence of the viscosity* of an Epoxy/M52 90/10 mixture.
*)
The curve is intended solely for indicating potential performance that can be achieved with Nanostrength M52 but it doesn’t replace the reader’s own evaluations and experimentation
Technical Data Sheet- Nanostrength M52 for Epoxies
February 2011 3
Lap Shear results in a DGEBA-DETA system
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Reference 10% Nanostrength M52 S tr e s s a t b re a k ( M P a ) -40°C Room Temp 80°C Morphology TGDDM-MDEA Opaque
Technical Data Sheet- Nanostrength M52 for Epoxies
February 2011 4
For thermoset applications, Nanostrength® are offered in powder forms. The powders can be dissolved in many epoxy precursors by heating/stirring process (typically between 80 and 150°C)
Indicative dissolution time in DGEBA LY556
The dissolution is estimated when 90% of the torque is reach, using a classical reactor as a mixing device.
Dissolution Temperature
90°C 135°C
Dissolution time (min) 25 2
A typical dissolution procedure (e.g: LY556 (Huntsman) and 10% of Nanostrength) is as follow:
- Thicken the epoxy at room temperature by gently stirring the Nanostrength powder. This technique should avoid the agglomeration of the powder that can occur when it is added in the hot epoxy.
- Heat the mixture at the appropriated temperature (often in the 90 - 160°C range: see table 1) and continue slow stirring until complete dissolution. This step can be done under vacuum.
- When the Nanostrength is dissolved, the temperature can be decrease (if necessary) and the hardener added.
In some system such as bis aniline (e.g: MDEA, MMPI…), it is advantageous to dissolve the Nanostrength powder in the curing agent and then to add the epoxy precursor in the blend (before it recrystallizes).
Trends of solubility:
The best solubility occurs in liquid bisphenol A epoxy (DGEBA). When the molecular weight of the DGEBA is increased (type 1 to 9), the solubility of the Nanostrength is slightly decreased. The consequence is that the time to solubilize the Nanostrength in a liquid/solid epoxy system can be slightly higher than in a pure low viscosity liquid epoxy.
Solvent based applications
Nanostrength® M52 is soluble in many common organic solvents (toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEEK), dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetone and methoxyethanol).
Reactive diluents
Reactive diluents are also excellent solvent for the Nanostrength® powder. Nanostrength® can be dissolved first in the reactive diluents or in the mixture of epoxy/reactive diluents. They allow a great decrease of the viscosity of the epoxy/Nanostrength solution.
Bubbles formation/Degazing step:
To avoid bubbles formation, it is easier to work at low shear rate rather than high shear rates. Because Nanostrength are dissolved and not dispersed, a high shear is also not recommended.
A degazing step can be necessary in some case to remove some bubbles. For a better efficiency, the degazing step should be done at the highest possible temperature.
Technical Data Sheet- Nanostrength M52 for Epoxies
February 2011 5
Nanostrength® M52 is provided in 20kg bags.
Nanostrength® M52 should be stored in a dry place, protected from light. It should be stored below 70°C to avoid any alteration of the product.
If the bags have been opened for a long time, a drying of the Nanostrength® might be necessary. Typical conditions are one night at 60°C under vacuum.
Safety and Handling:
Please refer to the Safety Data Sheet
Contacts:
• www.nanostrength.com
The information contained in this document is based on trials carried out by our Research Centers and data selected from the literature, but shall in no event be held to constitute or imply any warranty, undertaking, expressed or implied commitment from our part. Our formal specifications define the limit of our commitment. No liability whatsoever can be accepted by Arkema with regard to the handling, processing, or use of the product or products concerned - which must in all cases be employed in accordance with all relevant laws and/or regulations in force in the country or countries concerned.
The statements, technical information, and recommendations contained herein are believed to be accurate as of the date hereof. Since the conditions and methods of use of the product and of the information referred to herein are beyond our control, ARKEMA expressly disclaims any and all liability as to any results obtained or arising from any use of the product or reliance on such information; NO WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE, WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, IS MADE CONCERNING THE GOODS DESCRIBED OR THE INFORMATION PROVIDED HEREIN. The information provided herein relates only to the specific product designated and may not be applicable when such product is used in combination with other materials, or in any process. The user should thoroughly test any application before commercialization. Nothing contained herein constitutes a license to practice under any patent and it should not be construed as an inducement to infringe any patent and the user is advised to take appropriate steps to be sure that any proposed use of the product will not result in patent infringement. See MSDS for Health & Safety Considerations.